GroupActions[LiesThirdTheorem] - find a Lie algebra of pointwise independent vector fields with prescribed structure equations (solvable algebras only)
Calling Sequences
LiesThirdTheorem(Alg, M, option)
LiesThirdTheorem(A, M)
Parameters
Alg - a Maple name or string, the name of an initialized Lie algebra 𝔤
M - a Maple name or string, the name of an initialized manifold with the same dimension as that of 𝔤
option - with output = "forms" the dual 1-forms (Maurer-Cartan forms) are returned
A - a list of square matrices, defining a matrix Lie algebra
Description
Examples
Let g be an n−dimensional Lie algebra with structure constants C. Then Lie's Third Theorem (see, for example, Flanders, page 108) asserts that there is, at least locally, a Lie algebra of n pointwise independent vector fields Γ on an n-dimensional manifold M with structure constants C.
The command LiesThirdTheorem(Alg, M) produces a globally defined Lie algebra of vector fields Γ in the special case that 𝔤 is solvable. More general cases will be handled in subsequent versions of the DifferentialGeometry package.
The command LiesThirdTheorem(A, M) produces a globally defined matrix of 1-forms (Maurer-Cartan forms) in the special case that the list of matrices A defines a solvable Lie algebra.
The command LiesThirdTheorem is part of the DifferentialGeometry:-GroupActions package. It can be used in the form LiesThirdTheorem(...) only after executing the commands with(DifferentialGeometry) and with(GroupActions), but can always be used by executing DifferentialGeometry:-GroupActions:-LiesThirdTheorem(...).
with⁡DifferentialGeometry:with⁡LieAlgebras:with⁡GroupActions:with⁡Library:
Example 1.
We obtain a Lie algebra from the DifferentialGeometry library using the Retrieve command and initialize it.
L≔Retrieve⁡Winternitz,1,4,4,Alg1
L:=e1,e4=e1,e2,e4=e2+e1,e3,e4=e3+e2
DGsetup⁡L:
We define a manifold M of dimension 4 (the same dimension as the Lie algebra).
DGsetup⁡x,y,z,w,M1
frame name: M1
Γ1≔LiesThirdTheorem⁡Alg1,M1
Γ1:=D_x,D_y,D_z,x+y⁢D_x+y+z⁢D_y+z⁢D_z+D_w
Ω1≔LiesThirdTheorem⁡Alg1,M1,output=forms
Ω1:=dx−x+y⁢dw,dy−y+z⁢dw,−dw⁢z+dz,dw
We calculate the structure equations for the Lie algebra of vector fields Gamma1 and check that these structure equations coincide with those for Alg1.
LieAlgebraData⁡Γ1,Alg1a
e1,e4=e1,e2,e4=e2+e1,e3,e4=e3+e2
Example 2.
We re-work the previous example in a more complicated basis. In this basis the adjoint representation is not upper triangular, in which case LiesThirdTheorem first calls the program SolvableRepresentation to find a basis for the algebra in which the adjoint representation is upper triangular. (Remark: It is almost always useful, when working with solvable algebras, to transform to a basis where the adjoint representation is upper triangular.)
L2≔LieAlgebraData⁡e4,e2−e4,e3,e1+e3,Alg2
L2:=e1,e2=−e4+e3−e2−e1,e1,e3=−e3−e2−e1,e1,e4=−e4−e2−e1,e2,e3=e3+e2+e1,e2,e4=e4+e2+e1
DGsetup⁡L2
Lie algebra: Alg2
Γ2≔LiesThirdTheorem⁡Alg2,M1
Γ2:=x−y⁢D_x+y+z⁢D_y+z⁢D_z+D_w,−x−y⁢D_x−−1+y+z⁢D_y−z⁢D_z−D_w,D_z,−D_x+D_z
LieAlgebraData⁡Γ2,Alg2a
e1,e2=−e4+e3−e2−e1,e1,e3=−e3−e2−e1,e1,e4=−e4−e2−e1,e2,e3=e3+e2+e1,e2,e4=e4+e2+e1
Example 3.
Here is an example where one of the adjoint matrices has complex eigenvalues. The Lie algebra contains parameters p and b.
L3≔Retrieve⁡Winternitz,1,5,25,Alg3
L3:=e1,e5=2⁢_p⁢e1,e2,e3=e1,e2,e5=_p⁢e2+e3,e3,e5=_p⁢e3−e2,e4,e5=_b⁢e4
DGsetup⁡L3:
Adjoint⁡e5
DGsetup⁡x,y,z,u,v,M3
frame name: M3
Γ3≔LiesThirdTheorem⁡Alg3,M3
Γ3:=D_x,−D_x⁢z+D_y,D_z,D_u,12⁢z2−12⁢y2+2⁢_p⁢x⁢D_x+_p⁢y−z⁢D_y+_p⁢z+y⁢D_z+_b⁢u⁢D_u+D_v
LieAlgebraData⁡Γ3,Alg3a
e1,e5=2⁢_p⁢e1,e2,e3=e1,e2,e5=_p⁢e2+e3,e3,e5=_p⁢e3−e2,e4,e5=_b⁢e4
Example 4.
We calculate the Maurer-Cartan matrix Ω of 1-forms for a solvable matrix algebra, namely the matrices defining the adjoint representation for Alg1 from Example 1.
A≔Adjoint⁡Alg1
MaurerCartan≔LiesThirdTheorem⁡A,M1
Note that the elements of this matrix coincide with the appropriate linear combinations of the forms in the list Ω1 from Example 1.
MaurerCartan1,4,Ω11&plusΩ12
dx+dy−2⁢y+z+x⁢dw,dx+dy−2⁢y+z+x⁢dw
MaurerCartan2,4,Ω12&plusΩ13
dy+dz−2⁢z+y⁢dw,dy+dz−2⁢z+y⁢dw
MaurerCartan3,4,Ω13
−dw⁢z+dz,−dw⁢z+dz
MaurerCartan1,1,−1&multΩ14
−dw,−dw
See Also
DifferentialGeometry
GroupActions
Library
LieAlgebras
Adjoint
LieAlgebraData
Representation
Retrieve
SolvableRepresentation
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