Chapter 6: Techniques of Integration
Section 6.3: Trig Substitution
Example 6.3.12
Evaluate the indefinite integral ∫x4+9 x2 ⅆx.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
The substitution x=23tanθ means dx=23sec2θ dθ, and turns gx into 2 secθ. From Figure 6.3.2, secθ=124+9 x2. Hence, the evaluation of the given integral proceeds as follows.
∫x4+9 x2 ⅆx
= ∫23tanθ23sec2θ dθ2 secθ
=29∫secθtanθ ⅆθ
=29secθ
=294+9 x22
=4+9 x29
Of course, the substitution u=4+9 x2, so that du=18 x dx, leads immediately to
118∫u−1/2 du=u1/29=4+9 x29
Maple Solution
Evaluate the given integral
Control-drag the integral.
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
∫x4+9 x2 ⅆx = 19⁢9⁢x2+4
A stepwise solution that uses top-level commands except for one application of the Change command from the IntegrationTools package:
Initialization
Install the IntegrationTools package.
withIntegrationTools:
Let Q be the name of the given integral.
Q≔∫x4+9 x2 ⅆx:
Change variables as per Table 6.3.1
Use the Change command to apply the change of variables x=23tanθ.
q1≔ChangeQ,x=23tanθ
∫19⁢tan⁡θ⁢4⁢tan⁡θ2+4ⅆθ
Simplify the radical to 2 secθ. Note the restriction imposed on θ. (Maple believes that the sine and cosine functions are "simpler" so it resists writing the integrand as secθtanθ.)
q2≔simplifyq1 assuming θ∷RealRange−π2,π2
29⁢∫sin⁡θcos⁡θ2ⅆθ
Use the value command to evaluate the integral, or recognize the form du/u2.
q3≔valueq2
29⁢cos⁡θ
Revert the change of variables by applying the substitution θ=arctan3 x/2.
evalq3,θ=arctan32x
19⁢9⁢x2+4
The stepwise solution provided by the tutor when the Constant, Constant Multiple, and Sum rules are taken as Understood Rules begins with the substitution u2=9 x2+4 that results immediately in the integral 19∫u2 du.
On the other hand, Table 6.3.12(a) shows the result when the Change rule x=23tanθ is imposed on the tutor. The integrand is written as tanθsec3θ and its antiderivative is found by the Change rule with u=secθ.
∫x⁢9⁢x2+4ⅆx=8⁢∫tan⁡θ⁢sec⁡θ3ⅆθ9change,x=2⁢tan⁡θ3=8⁢∫u2ⅆu9change,u=sec⁡θ,u=8⁢u327power=8⁢sec⁡θ327revert=9⁢x2+43227revert
Table 6.3.12(a) Annotated stepwise solution via Integration Methods tutor
Note that an annotated stepwise solution is available via the Context Panel with the "All Solution Steps" option.
The rules of integration can also be applied via the Context Panel, as per the figure to the right.
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