Chapter 1: Vectors, Lines and Planes
Section 1.4: Cross Product
Example 1.4.9
Starting with Definition 1.4.1, derive the length property, A×B = A B sin(θ).
Solution
Mathematical Solution
To establish the required result, begin by considering the square of the left-hand side.
A×B2
=a2⁢b3−a3⁢b22+−a1⁢b3+a3⁢b12+a1⁢b2−a2⁢b12
=a12⁢b22+a12⁢b32+a22⁢b12+a22⁢b32+a32⁢b12+a32⁢b22−2a1⁢a2⁢b1⁢b2+ a1⁢a3⁢b1⁢b3+ a2⁢a3⁢b2⁢b3
= a12⁢b22+a12⁢b32+a22⁢b12+a22⁢b32+a32⁢b12+a32⁢b22+a12⁢b12+a22⁢b22+a32⁢b32 −2a1⁢a2⁢b1⁢b2+ a1⁢a3⁢b1⁢b3+ a2⁢a3⁢b2⁢b3)+a12⁢b12+a22⁢b22+a32⁢b32
=a12+a22+a32⁢b12+b22+b32−a1⁢b1+a2⁢b2+a3⁢b32
=A2 B2−A·B2
=A2 B2 − A Bcosθ2
=A B 1−cos2θ
=A B sin2θ
To go from the second to the third equality, note that the terms in red have been both added and subtracted. The resulting grouping allows the positive terms to be recognized as the product of the squares of the norms of A and B; and the negative terms, as the square of the dot product of A and B.
Maple Solution
The essential step of adding and subtracting the "right" expression in the calculations in the Mathematical Solution was first discovered by working backwards in Maple. The "magic" by which this discovery was made is articulated below.
Initialize
Tools≻Load Package: Student Multivariate Calculus
Loading Student:-MultivariateCalculus
Enter A as per Table 1.1.1.
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻A
a1,a2,a3→assign to a nameA
Enter B as per Table 1.1.1.
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻B
b1,b2,b3→assign to a nameB
Compute A×B and expand the square of its norm
Common Symbols palette: Cross-product operator
Typeset the square of the norm.
Apply the expand command and assign the result to the name q Press the Enter key.
q≔expand(A×B2)
a12⁢b22+a12⁢b32−2⁢a1⁢a2⁢b1⁢b2−2⁢a1⁢a3⁢b1⁢b3+a22⁢b12+a22⁢b32−2⁢a2⁢a3⁢b2⁢b3+a32⁢b12+a32⁢b22
Obtain the intended right-hand side: A2 B2 sin2θ
Typeset the square of the norms of A and B.
Apply the Angle command to obtain the angle θ Press the Enter key.
Context Panel: Simplify≻Simplify
A2⋅∥B∥2sin2AngleA,B
a12+a22+a32⁢b12+b22+b32⁢1−a1⁢b1+a2⁢b2+a3⁢b32a12+a22+a32⁢b12+b22+b32
= simplify
b22+b32⁢a12−2⁢b1⁢a2⁢b2+a3⁢b3⁢a1+b12+b32⁢a22−2⁢a2⁢a3⁢b2⁢b3+a32⁢b12+b22
If the factors in the first form of the right-hand side are multiplied out, the result is
a12+a22+a32⁢b12+b22+b32−a1⁢b1+a2⁢b2+a3⁢b32
which is nothing more than A2 B2 − A·B2. This is what the expression q must become if A×B2 is to be recognized as the square of A B sinθ. However, q does not immediately factor into this form, and the reason why not has to be determined. To this end, split q into its positive and negative terms. This is done with an application of the selectremove command that returns terms that "have" a given subexpression, and also returns the terms that don't. (The has command returns true or false, either the subexpression is there or it isn't.)
u,v≔selectremovehas,q,−2: u; v
−2⁢a1⁢a2⁢b1⁢b2−2⁢a1⁢a3⁢b1⁢b3−2⁢a2⁢a3⁢b2⁢b3
The expression q has been split into u, its negative terms, and v, its positive terms. The positive terms should factor to A2 B2 but they don't. The negative terms should factor to A·B2, but they don't either. Why not?
Consider the difference between A2 B2 and v:
expand(∥A∥2⋅B2−v) = a12⁢b12+a22⁢b22+a32⁢b32→assign to a nameQ
The three terms in Q must be added to v for the positive terms in q to factor to A2 B2. Indeed, this can be further verified by factoring the sum of v and Q:
factorv+Q = a12+a22+a32⁢b12+b22+b32
The three terms in Q must be subtracted from u for the negative terms in q to factor to −A·B2. Indeed, this can be further verified by factoring the difference of u and Q:
factoru−Q = −a1⁢b1+a2⁢b2+a3⁢b32
(Note that the three terms in Q are precisely the three red terms added and subtracted in the Mathematical Solution!)
Consequently, the calculations in the Mathematical Solution can be implemented, and the desired result obtained. The algebraic manipulations needed to discover how to proceed are the forte of Maple.
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