Chapter 4: Partial Differentiation
Section 4.3: Chain Rule
Example 4.3.13
If u=x3 Fy/x,z/x, show that x ux+y uy+z uz=3 u.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
It is most convenient to define rx,y,z=yx and sx,y,z=z/x so that x ux+y uy+z uz becomes
x x3Fr rx+Fs sx+3 x2F+y Fr ry+Fs sy+z Fr rz+Fs sz
The following calculation then results from an application of the chain rule.
x ux+y uy+z uz
=x x3Fr rx+Fs sx+3 x2F+y x3 Fr ry+Fs sy+z x3 Fr rz+Fs sz
=x x3Fr −yx2+Fs −zx2+3 x2F+y x3 Fr 1x+Fs 0+z x3 Fr 0+Fs 1x
=−x2y Fr−x2z Fs+3 x3F+x2y Fr+0+0+x2z Fs
=−x2y+x2yFr+−x2z+x2zFs+3 u
=0⋅Fr+0⋅Fs+3 u
=0+0+3 u
=3 u
Maple Solution - Interactive
Define r,s, and u
Context Panel: Assign Name
r=y/x→assign
s=z/x→assign
u=x3 Fr,s→assign
Compute x ux+y uy+z uz and simplify the result to 3 x3F=3 u
Calculus palette: Partial-derivative operator
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Simplify≻Simplify
x ∂∂ x u+y ∂∂ y u+z ∂∂ z u = x⁢3⁢x2⁢F⁡yx,zx+x3⁢−D1⁡F⁡yx,zx⁢yx2−D2⁡F⁡yx,zx⁢zx2+y⁢x2⁢D1⁡F⁡yx,zx+z⁢x2⁢D2⁡F⁡yx,zx= simplify 3⁢x3⁢F⁡yx,zx
To work from first principles, obtain and simplify the following derivatives.
Separately obtain and simplify the partial derivatives ux,uy, and uz
Context Panel: Expand≻Expand
∂∂ x u = 3⁢x2⁢F⁡yx,zx+x3⁢−D1⁡F⁡yx,zx⁢yx2−D2⁡F⁡yx,zx⁢zx2= expand 3⁢x2⁢F⁡yx,zx−x⁢D1⁡F⁡yx,zx⁢y−x⁢D2⁡F⁡yx,zx⁢z
∂∂ y u = x2⁢D1⁡F⁡yx,zx
∂∂ z u = x2⁢D2⁡F⁡yx,zx
Obtain and simplify rx,ry,rz,sx,sy, and sz
∂∂ x r = −yx2
∂∂ x s = −zx2
∂∂ y r = 1x
∂∂ y s = 0
∂∂ z r = 0
∂∂ z s = 1x
Assemble the terms of the chain rule as per the Mathematical Solution above.
Maple Solution - Coded
Initialize
Define rx,y,z.
r≔y/x:
Define sx,y,z.
s≔z/x:
Define u=x3Fr,s.
u≔x3Fr,s:
Apply the diff and simplify commands to evaluate the expression x ux+y uy+z uz
simplifyx diffu,x+y diffu,y+z diffu,z = 3⁢x3⁢F⁡yx,zx
Separately obtain and simplify ux,uy, and uz
Apply the diff and expand commands.
expanddiffu,x = 3⁢x2⁢F⁡yx,zx−x⁢D1⁡F⁡yx,zx⁢y−x⁢D2⁡F⁡yx,zx⁢z
diffu,y = x2⁢D1⁡F⁡yx,zx
diffu,z = x2⁢D2⁡F⁡yx,zx
Obtain and simplify the derivatives rx,ry,rz and sx,sy,sz
Apply the diff command.
diffr,x = −yx2
diffs,x = −zx2
diffr,y = 1x
diffs,y = 0
diffr,z = 0
diffs,z = 1x
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