Chapter 4: Partial Differentiation
Section 4.3: Chain Rule
Example 4.3.3
The composition of f⁡x,y=ln⁡2⁢y+1−x2 with x⁡t=t2, y⁡t=sin⁡t forms the function Ft=fxt,yt. Obtain F′t by an appropriate form of the chain rule, and again by writing the rule for F explicitly. Show that the results agree.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
An application of the chain rule gives
F′t
=fx x′t+fy y′t
=−2⁢x⁢t1−x2⁢2⁢y+−x2+1+2⁢cos⁡t2⁢y+1−x2
=−2⁢t31−t4⁢2⁢sin⁡t+−t4+1+2⁢cos⁡t2⁢sin⁡t+1−t4
=2⁢cost⁢1−t4−t31−t4+2 1−t4⁢sint
Writing Ft=fxt,yt=ln2 sint+1−t4 explicitly gives F′t=2⁢cost⁢1−t4−t31−t4+2 1−t4⁢sint, in agreement with the chain-rule result.
Maple Solution - Interactive
Formal statement of the relevant chain rule
Context Panel: Differentiate≻With Respect To≻t
fxt,yt→differentiate w.r.t. tD1⁡f⁡x⁡t,y⁡t⁢ⅆⅆt⁢x⁡t+D2⁡f⁡x⁡t,y⁡t⁢ⅆⅆt⁢y⁡t
It is possible to obtain notational simplifications interactively, via the Typesetting Rules Assistant in the View menu. However, this is a tedious multistep process, so will not be pursued here.
Implement the chain rule
Context Panel: Assign Function
fx,y=ln⁡2⁢y+1−x2→assign as functionf
Context Panel: Assign Name
X=t2→assign
Y=sint→assign
Calculus palette: Partial and ordinary differential operators Press the Enter key.
Context Panel: Evaluate at a Point≻x=X,y=Y
Context Panel: Simplify≻Simplify
∂∂ x fx,y ⅆⅆ t X+∂∂ y fx,y ⅆⅆ t Y
−2⁢x⁢t−x2+1⁢2⁢y+−x2+1+2⁢cos⁡t2⁢y+−x2+1
→evaluate at point
−2⁢t3−t4+1⁢2⁢sin⁡t+−t4+1+2⁢cos⁡t2⁢sin⁡t+−t4+1
= simplify
2⁢−t3+cos⁡t⁢−t4+1−t4+1+2⁢−t4+1⁢sin⁡t
Obtain F′t from the explicit representation Ft=fxt,yt
Calculus palette: Differentiation operator
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
ⅆⅆ t fX,Y = 2⁢cos⁡t−2⁢t3−t4+12⁢sin⁡t+−t4+1= simplify 2⁢−t3+cos⁡t⁢−t4+1−t4+1+2⁢−t4+1⁢sin⁡t
Maple Solution - Coded
Initialize
Simplified Maple notation is available if the commands to the right are first executed.
interfacetypesetting=extended:Typesetting:-Settingsuseprime,prime=t:Typesetting:-Suppressxt,yt:
difffxt,yt,t
D1⁡f⁡x,y⁢x′+D2⁡f⁡x,y⁢y′
Although the chain rule for this problem could be written as F′t=fx x′+fy y′, Maple uses the D-operator notation to express the partial derivatives fx and fy, and cannot suppress the arguments of f once suppression of arguments has been applied to x and y.
Restore the variables x and y.
Typesetting:-Unsuppressxt,yt:
Define the function f.
f≔x,y→ln⁡2⁢y+1−x2:
Assign xt and yt to the names X and Y, respectively.
X≔t2:Y≔sint:
Apply the simplify and diff commands.
simplifyD1fX,Y diffX,t+D2fX,Y diffY,t
Obtain F′t from an explicit representation of Ft
Using the diff and simplify commands, explicitly differentiate fxt,yt.
simplifydifffX,Y,t
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