Chapter 5: Double Integration
Section 5.7: Double Integration in Polar Coordinates
Example 5.7.6
Calculate the area that is inside the large loop, but outside the small inner loop, of the limaçon r=1/2+cosθ.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
Figure 5.7.6(a) shows the limaçon, and, in green, the region whose area is to be calculated. The area of the inner loop, shaded in red, is to be excluded. This is a difficult calculation because of the way the graph is drawn with respect to the angle θ. The approach here will be to find the total area inside the region, that is, the sum of what is shaded in red and green, then to subtract the area that is shaded red. The total area can be found by doubling the area that lies above the horizontal axis, θ=0.
Figure 5.7.6(b) is an animation in which the limaçon is drawn under the action of the slider in the animation toolbar. The polar angle appears above the vertical axis. Use this animation to infer the appropriate angles for the iterated double integral that follows.
Inspired by the animation in Figure 5.7.6(b), Figure 5.7.6(c) is a graph of r=1/2+cosθ. It suggests that the inner loop is drawn for θ∈2 π/3,4 π/3, that is, for the interval between the two zeros of r.
use plots in module() local p1,p2,p3,R,L; R:=sqrt(x^2+y^2); L:=1/2+cos(t); p1:=inequal(R<=1/2+x/R,x=-.2..3/2,y=-1..1,scaling=constrained,color=green,transparency=.5,thickness=3); p2:=plot([L*cos(t),L*sin(t),t=2*Pi*(1/3)..4*Pi*(1/3)],filled=[color=red],color=black,thickness=3); p3:=display(p2,p1,tickmarks=[3,3],scaling=constrained,labels=[x,y],tickmarks=[3,3]); print(p3); end module: end use:
Figure 5.7.6(a) Region
Figure 5.7.6(b) Animation
Figure 5.7.6(c) Zeros
The area of the region shaded in green in Figure 5.7.6(a) is
2∫02 π/3∫01/2+cosθr ⅆr ⅆθ−∫2 π/34 π/3∫01/2+cosθr ⅆr ⅆθ = π+33/4 ≐ 2.08
Maple Solution - Interactive
The task template in Tables 5.7.6(a) and 5.7.6(b) can be used to visualize the region of integration over which a given iterated integral acts. Table 5.7.6(a) calculates the total area in the upper half of the limaçon; the second, the area of the complete inner loop. In each case, select an order of integration, and provide an integrand of 1 to compute area. Supply the limits of integration, and use the Exact button to obtain the value of the iterated integral, and the Draw Graphs button to obtain the two figures provided by the task template.
Assign the limaçon a name
Context Panel: Assign Name
L=1/2+cosθ→assign
Tools≻Tasks≻Browse:
Calculus - Multivariate≻Integration≻Visualizing Regions of Integration≻Polar
Evaluate ∬RΨr,θ dA and Graph R
Area Element dA
r dr dθ
r dθ dr
, Ψ=
Value of Integral
G=
b=
g=
a=
Bounding Curves
"Volume"
Table 5.7.6(a) Task template for visualizing integration over upper half of the limaçon
The figure on the left is an animation that shows how the radial cone representing dθ traverses the region of integration. The figure on the right is a representation of the volume of a solid of height 1, with base the region of integration. Since the height is 1, the number computed for the volume is the same number as the area. If this figure is rotated and viewed from above, it appears to be a shaded version of the region of integration. These visual clues help to decide of the polar area has been properly identified and calculated.
Table 5.7.6(b) Task template for visualizing integration over inner loop of the limaçon
Combining the results in Tables 5.6.7(a - b) gives the requisite area as
214π+3163−14π−383 = π+33/4 ≐ 2.08
The details of an interactive calculation of the required area appear in Table 5.7.6(c).
Initialize
Tools≻Load Package: Student Calculus 1
Loading Student:-Calculus1
Find the zeros of 1/2+cosθ
Write the equation.
Context Panel: Student Calculus1≻Solve≻Find Roots Complete the dialog as per Figure 5.7.6(d)
Figure 5.7.6(d) Roots dialog
1/2+cosθ=0→roots23π,43π
Implement and evaluate the iterated integration
Calculus palette: Iterated double integral template
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
2∫02 π/3∫01/2+cosθr ⅆr ⅆθ−∫2 π/34 π/3∫01/2+cosθr ⅆr ⅆθ = 14π+343
Table 5.7.6(c) Details of the interactive calculation of the required area.
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