Chapter 9: Vector Calculus
Section 9.10: Green's Theorem
Example 9.10.8
Use Green's theorem to evaluate the line integral of F=x−2 y i+x2y j on C, the cardioid r=1+cosθ.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
Figure 9.10.8(a) provides a graph of the cardioid.
The vector field F is given in Cartesian coordinates, but the path for the line integral of F is described in polar coordinates.
By the Stokes-form of Green's theorem, the line integral of the tangential component of F=f i+g j around C, the boundary of a region R, is equal to the integral over R of gx−fy, the third component of the curl of F, provided F is assumed to have a zero third-component.
Indeed,
Figure 9.10.8(a) Graph of the cardioid
∇×F=ijk∂x∂y∂zfg0 = 00gx−fy
For the given vector field F, the expression gx−fy is just 2x y+1, which becomes 2r2cosθsinθ+1 in polar coordinates. The integral of this expression over R, the interior of the cardioid, is then
∫02 π∫01+cosθ2 r r2cosθsinθ+1 dr dθ = 3 π
The purist who wants to implement the line integral of F around the cardioid does well to evaluate ∳Cf dx+g dy in polar coordinates.
To this end, define ρ=1+cosθ, and X=ρ cosθ,Y=ρ sinθ. The line integral is then
∫02 π(f dXdθ+g dYdθx=a|f(x)x=X,y=Y) dθ = 3 π
The cumbersome integrand of this line integral can be seen in either of the Maple solutions below.
Maple Solution - Interactive
To obtain the integral on the left-hand side of the Stokes-form of Green's theorem, start with gx−fy=2x y+1 expressed in polar coordinates, then continue as in Table 9.10.8(a)
Context Panel: Assign to a Name
2r2cosθsinθ+1→assign to a nameQ
Invoke the following task template
Tools≻Tasks≻Browse: Calculus - Multivariate≻Integration≻Visualizing Regions of Integration≻Polar
Evaluate ∬RΨr,θ dA and Graph R
Area Element dA
r dr dθ
r dθ dr
, Ψ=
Value of Integral
G=
b=
g=
a=
Bounding Curves
"Volume"
Form and evaluate the integral from first principles
Calculus palette: Iterated double-integral template
Context Panel: 2-D Math≻Convert To≻Inert Form
Context Panel: Evaluate Integral
∫02 π∫01+cosθr Q ⅆr ⅆθ = ∫02⁢π∫01+cos⁡θ2⁢r2⁢cos⁡θ⁢sin⁡θ+2⁢rⅆrⅆθ=3⁢π
Table 9.10.8(a) Left-hand side of Stokes-form of Green's theorem implemented in polar coordinates
Table 9.10.8(b) implements the line integral of F around the cardioid.
Initialize
Tools≻Load Package: Student Vector Calculus
Loading Student:-VectorCalculus
Tools≻Tasks≻Browse: Calculus - Vector≻ Vector Algebra and Settings≻ Display Format for Vectors
Press the Access Settings button and select "Display as Column Vector"
Display Format for Vectors
Define the Cartesian vector field F
Write the vector field as a free vector. Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Student Vector Calculus≻Conversions≻To Vector Field
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻F
x−2 y,x2y = →to Vector Field →assign to a nameF
Obtain the line integral of F around the cardioid
Write the name F. Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Student Vector Calculus≻Line Integral
Complete dialog as per figure to the right.
F = →line integral∫02⁢π−1+cos⁡t⁢cos⁡t−2⁢1+cos⁡t⁢sin⁡t⁢sin⁡t⁢2⁢cos⁡t+1+1+cos⁡t3⁢cos⁡t2⁢sin⁡t⁢2⁢cos⁡t2+cos⁡t−1ⅆt=3⁢π
Table 9.10.8(b) Line integral of F around cardioid
Maple Solution - Coded
Start with gx−fy=2x y+1 expressed in polar coordinates, then continue with the calculations in Table 9.10.8(c).
Define the polar form of gx−fy=2x y+1.
Q≔2r2cosθsinθ+1:
Use the top-level Int and int commands to integrate in polar coordinates
Intr Q,r=0..1+cosθ,θ=0..2 π=:-intr Q,r=0..1+cosθ,θ=0..2 π
∫02⁢π∫01+cos⁡θr⁢2⁢r2⁢cos⁡θ⁢sin⁡θ+2ⅆrⅆθ=3⁢π
Table 9.10.8(c) Left-hand side of Stokes-form of Green's theorem implemented in polar coordinates
Table 9.10.8(d) implements the line integral of F around the cardioid.
Install the Student VectorCalculus package.
withStudent:-VectorCalculus:
Define F with the VectorField command.
F≔VectorFieldx−2 y,x2y:
Use the LineInt command to form and evaluate ∳Cf dx+g dy
LineIntF,Path1+cosθ,θ,θ=0..2 π,coords=polarr,θ,output=integral
∫02⁢π−1+cos⁡θ⁢cos⁡θ−2⁢1+cos⁡θ⁢sin⁡θ⁢sin⁡θ⁢2⁢cos⁡θ+1+1+cos⁡θ3⁢cos⁡θ2⁢sin⁡θ⁢2⁢cos⁡θ2+cos⁡θ−1ⅆθ
LineIntF,Path1+cosθ,θ,θ=0..2 π,coords=polarr,θ = 3⁢π
Table 9.10.8(d) Line integral of F around the cardioid r=1+cosθ
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