Chapter 9: Vector Calculus
Section 9.3: Differential Operators
Example 9.3.14
Change fx,y=x/y+y/x to polar coordinates, and in those coordinates obtain the Laplacian. Then show the results are equivalent to those in Example 9.3.13.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
In polar coordinates, the Cartesian function fx,y=x/y+y/x becomes
Fr,θ≡fr cosθ,r sinθ=cosθsinθ+sinθcosθ
Apply ∇2F=Frr+Fr/r+Fθθ/r2, the Laplacian in polar coordinates, to obtain
2⁢cos⁡θsin⁡θ+2⁢cos⁡θ3sin⁡θ3+2⁢sin⁡θcos⁡θ+2⁢sin⁡θ3cos⁡θ3/r2
Restore Cartesian coordinates by making the substitutions r2=x2+y2 and θ=arctany,x, thereby obtaining
∇2f=2⁢xy+2⁢x3y3+2⁢yx+2⁢y3x3x2+y2=2⁢x4+y4y3⁢x3=2⁢xy3+2⁢yx3
Maple Solution - Interactive
Initialize
Tools≻Load Package: Student Vector Calculus
Loading Student:-VectorCalculus
Define the scalar field f as a function
Context Panel: Assign Function
fx,y=x/y+y/x→assign as functionf
Change to polar coordinates
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻F
fr cosθ,r sinθ = cos⁡θsin⁡θ+sin⁡θcos⁡θ→assign to a nameF
Obtain the Laplacian in polar coordinates then convert back to Cartesian coordinates
Write the name F and press the Enter key.
Context Panel: Student Vector Calculus≻Differentiate≻Laplacian (Complete the dialog as per the figure below, on the left.)
Context Panel: Evaluate at a Point (Complete the dialog as per the figure below, on the right.) Context Panel: Simplify≻Simplify
Context Panel: Expand≻Expand
F
cos⁡θsin⁡θ+sin⁡θcos⁡θ
→Laplacian
2⁢cos⁡θsin⁡θ+2⁢cos⁡θ3sin⁡θ3+2⁢sin⁡θcos⁡θ+2⁢sin⁡θ3cos⁡θ3r2
→evaluate at point
2⁢xy+2⁢x3y3+2⁢yx+2⁢y3x3x2+y2
= simplify
2⁢x4+2⁢y4y3⁢x3
= expand
2⁢xy3+2⁢yx3
Maple Solution - Coded
Load the Student VectorCalculus package.
withStudent:-VectorCalculus:
Use ≔, the assignment operator, and the "arrow" definition of a mapping.
f≔x,y→x/y+y/x:
Use ≔, the assignment operator.
F≔fr cosθ,r sinθ:
Apply the Laplacian command to obtain the Laplacian in polar coordinates
LF≔LaplacianF,polarr,θ
2⁢cos⁡θsin⁡θ+2⁢cos⁡θ3sin⁡θ3+2⁢sin⁡θcos⁡θ+2⁢sin⁡θ3cos⁡θ3r2
Restore Cartesian coordinates
Use the eval command to make the appropriate substitutions for r and θ, then apply the simplify and expand commands.
expandsimplifyevalLF,r=x2+y2,θ=arctany,x = 2⁢xy3+2⁢yx3
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