Chapter 9: Vector Calculus
Section 9.5: Line Integrals
Example 9.5.14
Calculate the circulation of the field F=x y i+x+y j on the ellipse whose center is 3,4 and whose semi-major and semi-minor axes, parallel to the coordinate axes, are 2 and 1, respectively.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
The ellipse whose center is 3,4 and whose semi-major and semi-minor axes are 2 and 1, respectively, is given parametrically by the position vector
R=xy = 3+2 cos(t)4+sin(t)
The work done by the field F is given by the line integral
∫CF·dr
=∫abf dx+g dy
=∫02 πx yx=a|f(x)x=xt,y=yt⋅ddtxt+x+yx=a|f(x)x=xt,y=yt⋅ddtyt dt
=∫02 π3+2 cost4+sint⋅−2 sint+3+2 cost+4+sint⋅cost dt
=∫02 π4⁢cos⁡t3−15⁢cos⁡t⁢sin⁡t+8⁢cos⁡t2−24⁢sin⁡t+3⁢cos⁡t−6 dt
=−4 π
Maple Solution - Interactive
Initialize
Tools≻Load Package: Student Vector Calculus
Loading Student:-VectorCalculus
Tools≻Tasks≻Browse: Calculus - Vector≻ Vector Algebra and Settings≻ Display Format for Vectors
Press the Access Settings button and select "Display as Column Vector"
Display Format for Vectors
Define the vector field F
Enter the free vector whose components are those of F. Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Student Vector Calculus≻Conversions≻To Vector Field
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻F
x y,x+y = x⁢yx+y→to Vector Fieldx⁢yx+y→assign to a nameF
Obtain the line integral via the Context Panel
Write the name F and press the Enter key.
Context Panel: Student Vector Calculus≻Line Integral (Complete the dialog as per Figure 9.5.14(a).)
Context Panel: Evaluate Integral
F
→line integral
∫02⁢π−2⁢2⁢cos⁡t+3⁢4+sin⁡t⁢sin⁡t+2⁢cos⁡t+7+sin⁡t⁢cos⁡tⅆt
=
−4⁢π
Figure 9.5.14(a) Line Integral Domain dialog
In the "Line Integral Domain" dialog, select "Ellipse" and enter coordinates of the center and the lengths of the semi-major and semi-minor axes. At the bottom of the dialog, select "integral" as the return option. (The alternative is "value".)
It is also possible to obtain a solution from first principles.
Define the path parametrically, as a position vector
Context Panel: Assign Name
R=3+2 cost,4+sint→assign
Obtain T, a unit tangent vector along the path
Write the name R. Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Student Vector Calculus≻Frenet Formalism≻Tangent Vector≻t
Context Panel: Student Vector Calculus≻Normalize≻Euclidean
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻T
R = →tangent vector →Euclidean-normalize →assign to a nameT
Obtain ρ=dsdt=R.
Calculus palette: Differentiation operator
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻rho
ⅆⅆ t R = −3⁢cos⁡t2+4→assign to a nameρ
Obtain the integrand F·T ds
Common Symbols palette: Dot product operator Press the Enter key.
Context Panel: Simplify≻Simplify
Context Panel: Constructions≻Definite Integral≻t (Complete dialog as per figure at the right.)
F·T ρ
−2⁢3+2⁢cos⁡t⁢4+sin⁡t⁢sin⁡t−3⁢cos⁡t2+4+7+2⁢cos⁡t+sin⁡t⁢cos⁡t−3⁢cos⁡t2+4⁢−3⁢cos⁡t2+4
= simplify
4⁢cos⁡t3−15⁢cos⁡t⁢sin⁡t+8⁢cos⁡t2−24⁢sin⁡t+3⁢cos⁡t−6
→integrate w.r.t. t
∫02⁢π4⁢cos⁡t3−15⁢cos⁡t⁢sin⁡t+8⁢cos⁡t2−24⁢sin⁡t+3⁢cos⁡t−6ⅆt
Maple Solution - Coded
Install the Student VectorCalculus package.
Set the display format for vectors via the BasisFormat command.
withStudent:-VectorCalculus:BasisFormatfalse:
Define F via the VectorField command.
F≔VectorFieldx y,x+y:
Apply the LineInt command
LineIntF,Ellipse3,4,2,1,0,output=integral=LineIntF,Ellipse3,4,2,1,0
∫02⁢π−2⁢2⁢cos⁡t+3⁢4+sin⁡t⁢sin⁡t+2⁢cos⁡t+7+sin⁡t⁢cos⁡tⅆt=−4⁢π
Define the path parametrically, as the position vector R
Define R as the position vector parametrizing the circle of integration with t∈0,2 π.
R≔3+2 cost,4+ sint
Apply the Norm command to the result obtained with the diff command.
ρ≔NormdiffR,t
−3⁢cos⁡t2+4
Use the TangentVector command with the option to return a unit vector.
T≔TangentVectorR,t,normalized
Form and evaluate the requisite line integral
Compute F·T with the DotProduct and simplify commands, then use the Int and int commands.
IntsimplifyDotProductF,T⋅ρ,t=0..2 π=intDotProductF,T⋅ρ,t=0..2 π
∫02⁢π4⁢cos⁡t3−15⁢cos⁡t⁢sin⁡t+8⁢cos⁡t2−24⁢sin⁡t+3⁢cos⁡t−6ⅆt=−4⁢π
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