When a hypergeometric type representation is returned, it can either be a single inert Sum, or a linear combination of such Sums, possibly plus some initial terms that are linear combinations of rational powers of $z-\mathrm{z0}$ or $\frac{1}{z}$.

When such a representation cannot be obtained, or when a recursive formula is requested, the output is a sequence of two expressions. The first return value is similar to the representation described above, except that the coefficients of one of the Sums are indeterminate, such as, e.g., $\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}a\left(n\right)z^n$. The second return value is an REsol data structure giving a recurrence relation for $a\left(n\right)$, including initial conditions.

differentialorder: positive integer $N$ or list of two positive integers $\left[N_1\,N_2\right]$; upper bound(s) for the order of the differential equation(s) (DE) internally computed for f. Default: $N_1=10$ for holonomic DEs and $N_2=4$ for quadratic DEs. If differentialorder=$N$ is given, then the upper bound for holonomic DEs is $N_1=\max \left(10\,N\right)$, and the upper bound $N_2$ for quadratic DEs is $4$ if $N\le 4$, $9$ if $N\ge 9$, and $N$ otherwise.

method: one of hypergeometric, holonomic, quadratic, or default; specifies the underlying computational method that will be used. method=hypergeometric looks for a closed-form formula of the representation whereas holonomic and quadratic look for a recursive formula from a holonomic or a quadratic differential equation satisfied by f. The default method applies the three methods one after the other and stops once a result is found.

recurrence: either true or false (default). If recurrence=true then a recursive formula with the coefficient a(n) is sought. This reduces the methods applied to only the two options holonomic and/or quadratic. If a(n) is specified as the 4th argument, then the default is recurrence=true. If both options method and recurrence are given, the former takes precedence.

output: expanded or combined (default); controls the presentation of hypergeometric type power series (method=hypergeometric). output=combined gathers series of same power in one summation, whereas output=expanded puts linearly (rationally) independent coefficients in different summations.

This command computes the power series representation of linear combinations of meromorphic functions and some special functions.

convert(f, FormalPowerSeries, z=z0), or, equivalently, convert(f, FPS, z=z0), tries to find a formal power series expansion for f with respect to the variable z at the point of expansion z0.

If eq is just a name z, then the expansion point $z=0$ is assumed.

The output series is a hypergeometric type power series, or a recursive formula of the representation sought when a hypergeometric type representation cannot be computed. The user may also specify the desired representation using the method option.

See the references for a precise definition of what is called hypergeometric type power series. It generalizes the family of Laurent-Puiseux series having hypergeometric term coefficients.

The command first looks for a holonomic differential equation satisfied by f (see DEtools[FindODE]); hence Maple must know the derivatives of f.

If the summation variable n is not specified, then one of of the variable names n, n0, n1, etc. is chosen.          

For a complete list of known functions, see inifcns.

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\cos \left(z\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,z=\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{2}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(-\frac{{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{\left(z-\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{2}\right)}^{2n+1}}{\left(2n+1\right)!}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\exp \left(x\right)+\mathrm{hypergeom}\left(\left[a\,b\right]\,\left[c\right]\,x^2\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,x\,k\right)$

$\left(\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{x^k}{k!}\right)+\left(\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{\mathrm{pochhammer}\left(b\,k\right)\mathrm{pochhammer}\left(a\,k\right)x^{2k}}{k!\mathrm{pochhammer}\left(c\,k\right)}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\ln \left(1+\mathrm{sqrt}\left(z\right)+z+z^{\frac{3}{2}}\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\right)$

$\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{\frac{n}{2}+\frac{1}{2}}}{n+1}\right)+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{n+1}}{n+1}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(z\cos \left(z^{\frac{3}{2}}\right)+{\arcsin \left(z^{\frac{1}{3}}\right)}^2\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\right)$

$\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{24^n{n!}^2{z}^{\frac{2n}{3}+\frac{2}{3}}}{\left(2n+2\right)!}\right)+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{3n+1}}{\left(2n\right)!}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\frac{1}{\left(z^2-p\right)\left(z^3-q\right)}\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,z\right)$

$\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{\left(-p^{2-\frac{n}{2}}+2q^{-\frac{1}{3}-\frac{n}{3}}{p}^{\raisebox{1ex}{$5$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.}+{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{p}^{2-\frac{n}{2}}-2q{p}^{-\frac{n}{2}+\frac{1}{2}}-{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{p}^{-1-\frac{n}{2}}{q}^2+2p{q}^{\frac{2}{3}-\frac{n}{3}}-p^{-1-\frac{n}{2}}{q}^2\right)z^n}{2\left(p^3-q^2\right)\left(p^{\raisebox{1ex}{$3$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.}+q\right)}\right)+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{p{q}^{-1-n}{z}^{3n}}{p^2+q^{\raisebox{1ex}{$2$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right.}p+q^{\raisebox{1ex}{$4$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right.}}\right)+\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(-\frac{q^{-\frac{2}{3}-n}{z}^{3n+1}}{p^2+q^{\raisebox{1ex}{$2$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right.}p+q^{\raisebox{1ex}{$4$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right.}}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left({\left(\sin \left(z\right)+\cos \left(z\right)\right)}^5\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(-\frac{\left({25}^n+59^n-10\right){\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{2n}}{4\left(2n\right)!}\right)+\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(-\frac{5\left({25}^n-39^n-2\right){\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{2n+1}}{4\left(2n+1\right)!}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left({\left(\sin \left(z\right)+\cos \left(z\right)\right)}^5\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{output}=\mathrm{expanded}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(-\frac{{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{25}^n{z}^{2n}}{4\left(2n\right)!}\right)+\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(-\frac{5{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{9}^n{z}^{2n}}{4\left(2n\right)!}\right)+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{5{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{2n}}{2\left(2n\right)!}\right)+\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(-\frac{5{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{25}^n{z}^{2n+1}}{4\left(2n+1\right)!}\right)+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{15{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{9}^n{z}^{2n+1}}{4\left(2n+1\right)!}\right)+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{5{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{2n+1}}{2\left(2n+1\right)!}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\exp \left(z+z^3\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{holonomic}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A\left(n\right)z^n,\mathrm{RESol}\left(\left\{\left(n+3\right)A\left(n+3\right)-3A\left(n\right)-A\left(n+2\right)=0\right\}\,\left\{A\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{A\left(0\right)=1\,A\left(1\right)=1\,A\left(2\right)=\frac{1}{2}\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left({\arcsin \left(z\right)}^3\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{holonomic}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A\left(n\right)z^{n+1},\mathrm{RESol}\left(\left\{\left(n^4+4n^3+6n^2+4n+1\right)A\left(n\right)+\left(-2n^4-18n^3-62n^2-98n-60\right)A\left(n+2\right)+\left(n^4+14n^3+71n^2+154n+120\right)A\left(n+4\right)=0\right\}\,\left\{A\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{A\left(0\right)=0\,A\left(1\right)=0\,A\left(2\right)=1\,A\left(3\right)=0\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\frac{z}{\exp \left(z\right)-1}\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,B\left(n\right)\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{quadratic}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}B\left(n\right)z^n,\mathrm{RESol}\left(B\left(n+3\right)+\frac{B\left(n+2\right)+\left(\sum _{\mathrm{\_k}=1}^{n+2}B\left(\mathrm{\_k}\right)B\left(n+3-\mathrm{\_k}\right)\right)}{n+4}\,\left\{B\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{B\left(0\right)=1\,B\left(1\right)=-\frac{1}{2}\,B\left(2\right)=\frac{1}{12}\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(1+{\tan \left(z\right)}^2\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{quadratic}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A\left(n\right)z^n,\mathrm{RESol}\left(A\left(n+2\right)+\frac{-8A\left(n\right)+\sum _{\mathrm{\_k}=1}^{n-1}\left(-6A\left(\mathrm{\_k}\right)A\left(n-\mathrm{\_k}\right)\right)}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\,\left\{A\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{A\left(0\right)=1\,A\left(1\right)=0\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left({\arcsin \left(z\right)}^2\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{hypergeometric}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{24^n{n!}^2{z}^{2n+2}}{\left(2n+2\right)!}$

$\mathrm{convert}\left({\arcsin \left(z\right)}^2\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{holonomic}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A\left(n\right)z^{n+1},\mathrm{RESol}\left(\left\{\left(-n^2-2n-1\right)A\left(n\right)+\left(n^2+5n+6\right)A\left(n+2\right)=0\right\}\,\left\{A\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{A\left(0\right)=0\,A\left(1\right)=1\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left({\arcsin \left(z\right)}^2\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{quadratic}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A\left(n\right)z^n,\mathrm{RESol}\left(A\left(n+4\right)-\frac{4\left(n+2\right)A\left(n+2\right)+\left(\sum _{\mathrm{\_k}=2}^n\left(\mathrm{\_k}+1\right)A\left(\mathrm{\_k}+1\right)\left(n+3-\mathrm{\_k}\right)A\left(n+3-\mathrm{\_k}\right)\right)+\sum _{\mathrm{\_k}=2}^{n+2}\left(-\left(\mathrm{\_k}+1\right)A\left(\mathrm{\_k}+1\right)\left(n+5-\mathrm{\_k}\right)A\left(n+5-\mathrm{\_k}\right)\right)}{4\left(n+3\right)}\,\left\{A\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{A\left(0\right)=0\,A\left(1\right)=0\,A\left(2\right)=1\,A\left(3\right)=0\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\exp \left(\arcsin \left(z\right)\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{hypergeometric}\right)$

$\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{\mathrm{pochhammer}\left(-\frac{\mathrm{I}}{2}\,n\right)\mathrm{pochhammer}\left(\frac{\mathrm{I}}{2}\,n\right)4^n{z}^{2n}}{\left(2n\right)!}\right)+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{4^n\mathrm{pochhammer}\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\mathrm{I}}{2}\,n\right)\mathrm{pochhammer}\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\mathrm{I}}{2}\,n\right)z^{2n+1}}{\left(2n+1\right)!}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\exp \left(\arcsin \left(z\right)\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{holonomic}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A\left(n\right)z^n,\mathrm{RESol}\left(\left\{\left(-n^2-1\right)A\left(n\right)+\left(n^2+3n+2\right)A\left(n+2\right)=0\right\}\,\left\{A\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{A\left(0\right)=1\,A\left(1\right)=1\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\exp \left(\arcsin \left(z\right)\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{quadratic}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}A\left(n\right)z^n,\mathrm{RESol}\left(A\left(n+3\right)+\frac{2\left(n+1\right)A\left(n+1\right)+2A\left(n+2\right)+\left(\sum _{\mathrm{\_k}=1}^{n-1}\left(\mathrm{\_k}+1\right)A\left(\mathrm{\_k}+1\right)\left(n+1-\mathrm{\_k}\right)A\left(n+1-\mathrm{\_k}\right)\right)+\sum _{\mathrm{\_k}=1}^{n+1}\left(-\left(\mathrm{\_k}+1\right)A\left(\mathrm{\_k}+1\right)\left(n+3-\mathrm{\_k}\right)A\left(n+3-\mathrm{\_k}\right)\right)+\left(\sum _{\mathrm{\_k}=1}^{n+1}A\left(\mathrm{\_k}\right)A\left(n+2-\mathrm{\_k}\right)\right)}{-2n-6}\,\left\{A\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{A\left(0\right)=1\,A\left(1\right)=1\,A\left(2\right)=\frac{1}{2}\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$f≔2\mathrm{arctanh}\left(\frac{\sin \left(2z\right)}{1+\cos \left(2z\right)}\right)\:$$g≔\ln \left(\frac{1+\tan \left(z\right)}{1-\tan \left(z\right)}\right)\:$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(f-g\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,\mathrm{method}=\mathrm{quadratic}\right)$

$0$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\sin \left(z\right)+\cos \left(z\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,a\left(n\right)\,\mathrm{recurrence}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}a\left(n\right)z^n,\mathrm{RESol}\left(\left\{a\left(n\right)+\left(n^2+3n+2\right)a\left(n+2\right)=0\right\}\,\left\{a\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{a\left(0\right)=1\,a\left(1\right)=1\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left({\ln \left(1+z\right)}^{-1}\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,a\left(n\right)\,\mathrm{recurrence}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}a\left(n\right)z^{n-1},\mathrm{RESol}\left(a\left(n+3\right)+\frac{\left(n+1\right)a\left(n+2\right)+\left(\sum _{\mathrm{\_k}=1}^{n+2}a\left(\mathrm{\_k}\right)a\left(n+3-\mathrm{\_k}\right)\right)}{n+4}\,\left\{a\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{a\left(0\right)=1\,a\left(1\right)=\frac{1}{2}\,a\left(2\right)=-\frac{1}{12}\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\ln \left(1+\sin \left(z\right)\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,a\left(n\right)\,\mathrm{recurrence}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}a\left(n\right)z^n,\mathrm{RESol}\left(a\left(n+4\right)+\frac{-\left(n+2\right)a\left(n+2\right)+\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)a\left(n+3\right)+\left(\sum _{\mathrm{\_k}=1}^n\left(\mathrm{\_k}+1\right)\left(\mathrm{\_k}+2\right)a\left(\mathrm{\_k}+2\right)\left(n+2-\mathrm{\_k}\right)a\left(n+2-\mathrm{\_k}\right)\right)}{\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)\left(n+4\right)}\,\left\{a\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{a\left(0\right)=0\,a\left(1\right)=1\,a\left(2\right)=-\frac{1}{2}\,a\left(3\right)=\frac{1}{6}\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\arctan \left(z\right)\exp \left(z\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,a\left(n\right)\,\mathrm{recurrence}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}a\left(n\right)z^n,\mathrm{RESol}\left(\left\{a\left(n\right)+\left(-2n-4\right)a\left(n+1\right)+\left(n^2+5n+7\right)a\left(n+2\right)+\left(-2n-6\right)a\left(n+3\right)+\left(n^2+7n+12\right)a\left(n+4\right)=0\right\}\,\left\{a\left(n\right)\right\}\,\left\{a\left(0\right)=0\,a\left(1\right)=1\,a\left(2\right)=1\,a\left(3\right)=\frac{1}{6}\right\}\,\mathrm{INFO}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\exp \left(z\right)\ln \left(z\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{\ln \left(z\right)z^n}{n!}$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\exp \left(z\right)\sin \left(z\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\right)$

$\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{4^n{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{4n+1}}{\left(4n+1\right)!}\right)+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{24^n{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{4n+2}}{\left(4n+2\right)!}\right)+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{24^n{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n{z}^{4n+3}}{\left(4n+3\right)!}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\frac{1}{p+qz+r{z}^3}\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\,z\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(-\left(\sum _{\mathrm{\_\α}=\mathrm{RootOf}\left(r{\mathrm{\_Z}}^3+q\mathrm{\_Z}+p\right)}\frac{{\mathrm{\_\α}}^{-1-n}}{3{\mathrm{\_\α}}^{2}r+q}\right)z^n\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\mathrm{sqrt}\left(\mathrm{\pi }\right)\exp \left(x\right)\left(1-\mathrm{erf}\left(\mathrm{sqrt}\left(x\right)\right)\right)\,\mathrm{FPS}\,x=\mathrm{\infty }\right)$

$\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n\left(2n\right)!4^{-n}{\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{n+\frac{1}{2}}}{n!}$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\mathrm{randpoly}\left(z\,\mathrm{degree}=2\right)\log \left(1+z\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\right)$

$-7z+\frac{167z^2}{2}+\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\left(-\frac{2{\left(\mathrm{-1}\right)}^n\left(42n^2+163n+118\right)z^{n+3}}{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)}\right)$

$\mathrm{convert}\left(\left(1+z^2\right)\exp \left(z\right)+\mathrm{arcsech}\left(\mathrm{sqrt}\left(z\right)\right)\,\mathrm{FormalPowerSeries}\right)$

$1+\ln \left(2\right)-\frac{\ln \left(z\right)}{2}+\left(\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{\left(\left(n+1\right)!n^2+\left(n+1\right)!n-2^{-2n-2}\left(2n+1\right)!+\left(n+1\right)!\right)z^{n+1}}{{\left(n+1\right)!}^2}\right)$

Bertrand Teguia Tabuguia and Wolfram Koepf, Symbolic conversion of holonomic functions to hypergeometric type power series. Computer Algebra issue of the Journal of Programming and Computer Software, February 2022.

Bertrand Teguia Tabuguia, Power Series Representations of Hypergeometric Type and Non-Holonomic Functions in Computer Algebra. Ph.D. thesis, University of Kassel, Germany, May 2020.

Bertrand Teguia Tabuguia and Wolfram Koepf, Power series representations of hypergeometric type functions. In Corless R., Gerhard J., Kotsireas I. (eds): Maple in Mathematics Education and Research. MC 2020. Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer, July 2021.

Bertrand Teguia Tabaguia, Wolfram Koepf, On the representation of non-holonomic power series, https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.09574, September 2021.

Koepf, Wolfram, Power series in computer algebra. Journal of Symbolic Computation, Vol. 13, (1992): 581-603.

The output option was added in Maple 2022.

The method=holonomic, method=quadratic, and method=default options were added in in Maple 2022.

The $\mathrm{differentialorder}=\left[N_1\,N_2\right]$ option was added in Maple 2022.

method=exponential and method=rational were workaround methods for when method=hypergeometric could not find a representation. However, this is no longer the case; the new method=hypergeometric always finds a better and a nicer power series representation. method=exponential or method=rational are still accepted and are equivalent to method=hypergeometric.

The dir option is no longer supported. It is ignored when specified. As a workaround, one can make corresponding assumptions on the main variable.

The makereal option is not necessary because the algorithm prioritizes real (rational) coefficients. It is ignored when specified.

The convert/FormalPowerSeries command was updated in Maple 2022.