Chapter 6: Techniques of Integration
Section 6.3: Trig Substitution
Example 6.3.4
Evaluate the indefinite integral ∫x4−9 x2 ⅆx.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
The substitution x=23sinθ means dx=23cosθ dθ, and turns fx into 2 cosθ. From Figure 6.3.1, cosθ=124−9 x2. Hence, the evaluation of the given integral proceeds as follows.
∫x4−9 x2 ⅆx
= ∫23sinθ⋅23cosθ dθ2 cosθ
= 29∫sinθ ⅆθ
= −29cosθ
= −29124−9 x2
= −194−9 x2
Maple Solution
Evaluate the given integral
Control-drag the integral.
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Simplify≻Simplify
∫x4−9 x2 ⅆx = 19⁢3⁢x−2⁢3⁢x+2−9⁢x2+4= simplify −19⁢−9⁢x2+4
A stepwise solution that uses top-level commands except for one application of the Change command from the IntegrationTools package:
Initialization
Install the IntegrationTools package.
withIntegrationTools:
Let Q be the name of the given integral.
Q≔∫x4−9 x2 ⅆx:
Change variables as per Table 6.3.1
Use the Change command to apply the change of variables x=23sinθ.
q1≔ChangeQ,x=23sinθ
∫−19⁢−4⁢sin⁡θ2+4⁢sin⁡θ⁢cos⁡θsin⁡θ2−1ⅆθ
Simplify the radical to 2 cosθ. Note the restriction imposed on θ. Both the numerator and denominator become multiples of cos2θ.
q2≔simplifyq1 assuming θ∷RealRange−π2,π2
29⁢∫sin⁡θⅆθ
Use the value command to evaluate the integral.
q3≔valueq2
−29⁢cos⁡θ
Revert the change of variables by applying the substitution θ=arcsin3 x/2.
evalq3,θ=arcsin32x
−19⁢−9⁢x2+4
Table 6.3.4(a) displays the annotated stepwise solution provided by the tutor when the Constant Multiple rule is taken as an Understood Rule.
∫x−9⁢x2+4ⅆx=∫−19ⅆuchange,−9⁢x2+4=u2,u=−u9constant=−−9⁢x2+49revert
Table 6.3.4(a) Annotated stepwise solution via Integration Methods tutor
Note that the substitution chosen by Maple is not a trig substitution taken from Table 6.3.1.
Note that an annotated stepwise solution is available via the Context Panel with the "All Solution Steps" option.
The rules of integration can also be applied via the Context Panel, as per the figure to the right.
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