Chapter 2: Space Curves
Section 2.4: Curvature
Example 2.4.3
Use the appropriate formula from Table 2.4.1 to determine the curvature of yx=x3/2,x≥0, then obtain the curvature from first principles, that is, by calculating the rate at which the tangent turns as arc length increases.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
The curvature is given by
κ
=|y″|1+y′23/2
=34x1+32x23/2
=34x 1+94x3/2
=34x 4+9 x3/243/2
=6x 4+9 x3/2
To obtain this result from first principles, begin by obtaining the arc-length function
sx=∫0x1+y′t2ⅆt = ∫0x1+94t dt = 4+9 x3/2−8/27
and its inverse, x=xs=8+27 s2/3−4/9. The angle made by the tangent line and the x-axis is θ=arctany′x. The curvature is the rate at which this angle varies as s changes. Hence, the derivative of θ must be taken with respect to s. Either the chain rule or the substitution x=xs must be used. Making the substitution leads to θ=arctan328+27 s2/3−4/9, so the derivative with respect to s becomes
θ′s=619⁢27⁢s+82/3−49⁢27⁢s+8
Replacing s with sx then gives
κ=θ′sx=a|f(x)s=sx = 619⁢4+9⁢x3/22/3−49⁢4+9⁢x3/2 = 6x 4+9 x3/2
Maple Solution
Calculate the curvature as per Table 2.4.1 .
Define the function yx
Write yx=…
Context Panel: Assign Function
yx=x3/2→assign as functiony
Compute the curvature for x>0
Write the expression for the curvature.
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Simplify≻Assuming Positive
y″x1+y′x23/2 = 34⁢x⁢1+94⁢x3/2→assuming positive6x⁢4+9⁢x3/2
Calculate the curvature from first principles.
Obtain sx, the arc-length function on the interval 0,x
Write the appropriate integral.
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻S
∫0x1+y′t2ⅆt = −827+127⁢4+9⁢x3/2→assign to a nameS
Obtain xs, the inverse of the arc-length function
Apply the solve command and select the first (of three) solutions, the last two of which are complex. Assign this solution to the name X.
X≔solveS=s,x1
19⁢27⁢s+82/3−49
Obtain θs=arctany′s, where the derivative is taken with respect to x
Assign to the name θ, the arctangent of y′x, which is then evaluated at x=xs=X.
θ≔arctanDyX
arctan⁡32⁢19⁢27⁢s+82/3−49
Compute θ′s and replace s with sx
Calculus palette: Differentiation template Differentiate θ with respect to s and press the Enter key. (This is the rate of change of θ taken with respect to the arc length.)
Context Panel: Evaluate at a Point Replace s with sx=S
ⅆⅆ s θ
619⁢27⁢s+82/3−49⁢27⁢s+8
→evaluate at point
619⁢4+9⁢x3/22/3−49⁢4+9⁢x3/2
→assuming positive
6x⁢4+9⁢x3/2
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