Chapter 4: Partial Differentiation
Section 4.11: Differentiability
Example 4.11.10
Find the second partial derivatives for the function hx,y in Table 4.11.1. As a consequence of this construction, establish that hxy0,0≠hyx0,0.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
From Example 4.11.7, the function hx,y defined in Table 4.11.1 has, for first partials,
hxx,y= {y⁢x4+4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y22x,y≠0,00x,y=0,0
and
hyx,y= {x⁢x4−4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y22x,y≠0,00x,y=0,0
The second partials are
hxx={−4⁢x⁢y3⁢x2−3⁢y2x2+y23x,y≠(0,00x,y=0,0
hyy={−4⁢x3⁢y⁢3⁢x2−y2x2+y23x,y≠0,00x,y=0,0
hxy={x6+9⁢x4⁢y2−9⁢x2⁢y4−y6x2+y23x,y≠0,0−1x,y=0,0
hyx={hxyx,yx,y≠0,01x,y=0,0
For x,y≠0,0, calculating the expressions for hxx,hyy,hxy, and hyx is a straightforward application of the rules of differentiation.
For x,y=0,0, the derivatives hxx,hyy,hxy, and hyx must be obtained by an application of the limit-definition of a partial derivative.
hxx0,0=limh→0hxh,0−0h=limh→00−0h=0
hyy0,0=limk→0hy0,k−0k=limk→00−0k=0
hxy0,0=limk→0hx0,k−0k=limk→0−kk=−1
hyx0,0=limh→0hyh,0−0h=limh→0hh=1
Maple Solution - Interactive
Initialize
Context Panel: Assign Function (H=h for x,y≠0,0)
Hx,y=x⁢y⁢x2−y2x2+y2→assign as functionH
Obtain the first partials hx and hy for x,y≠0,0
Use the D-operator.
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
Context Panel: Simplify≻Simplify
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻Temp
Context Panel: Assign Function
D1Hx,y = y⁢x2−y2x2+y2+2⁢x2⁢yx2+y2−2⁢x2⁢y⁢x2−y2x2+y22= simplify y⁢x4+4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y22→assign to a nameTemp
Hxx,y=Temp→assign as functionHx
D2Hx,y = x⁢x2−y2x2+y2−2⁢x⁢y2x2+y2−2⁢x⁢y2⁢x2−y2x2+y22= simplify x⁢x4−4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y22→assign to a nameTemp
Hyx,y=Temp→assign as functionHy
Obtain the second partials hxx,hyy for x,y≠0,0
D1,1Hx,y = 6⁢y⁢xx2+y2−6⁢y⁢x2−y2⁢xx2+y22−8⁢x3⁢yx2+y22+8⁢x3⁢y⁢x2−y2x2+y23= simplify −4⁢x⁢y3⁢x2−3⁢y2x2+y23→assign to a nameTemp
Hxxx,y=Temp→assign as functionHxx
D2,2Hx,y = −6⁢x⁢yx2+y2−6⁢x⁢x2−y2⁢yx2+y22+8⁢x⁢y3x2+y22+8⁢x⁢y3⁢x2−y2x2+y23= simplify −4⁢x3⁢y⁢3⁢x2−y2x2+y23→assign to a nameTemp
Hyyx,y=Temp→assign as functionHyy
Obtain the second partials hxy,hyx for x,y≠0,0
Context Panel: Assign to a Name≻Hxy and then Hyx
D2Hxx,y = x4+4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y22+y⁢8⁢x2⁢y−4⁢y3x2+y22−4⁢y2⁢x4+4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y23= simplify x6+9⁢x4⁢y2−9⁢x2⁢y4−y6x2+y23→assign to a nameHxy
D1Hyx,y = x4−4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y22+x⁢4⁢x3−8⁢x⁢y2x2+y22−4⁢x2⁢x4−4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y23= simplify x6+9⁢x4⁢y2−9⁢x2⁢y4−y6x2+y23→assign to a nameHyx
Obtain the second partials hxx,hyy at x,y=0,0
Calculus palette: Limit operator
limh→0Hxh,0−0h = 0
limk→0Hy0,k−0k = 0
Obtain the second partials hxy,hyx at x,y=0,0
limk→0Hx0,k−0k = −1
limh→0Hyh,0−0h = 1
Maple Solution - Coded
Let H be hx,y when x,y≠0,0.
H≔x⁢y⁢x2−y2x2+y2:
Apply the simplify and diff commands to H. Assign to the symbols H__x and H__y set as Atomic Identifiers.
H__x≔simplifydiffH,x
H__x≔y⁢x4+4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y22
H__y≔simplifydiffH,y
H__y≔x⁢x4−4⁢x2⁢y2−y4x2+y22
Obtain the second partials hxx,hyy,hxy,hyx for x,y≠0,0
Apply the simplify and diff commands to H. Assign to the symbols Hxx,Hyy,Hxy,Hyx set as Atomic Identifiers.
H__xx≔simplifydiffH,x,x
H__xx≔−4⁢x⁢y3⁢x2−3⁢y2x2+y23
H__yy≔simplifydiffH,y,y
H__yy≔−12⁢x5⁢y+4⁢x3⁢y3x2+y23
Apply the simplify and diff commands to H__x and H__y.
H__xy≔simplifydiffH__x,y
H__xy≔x6+9⁢x4⁢y2−9⁢x2⁢y4−y6x2+y23
H__yx≔simplifydiffH__y,x
H__yx≔x6+9⁢x4⁢y2−9⁢x2⁢y4−y6x2+y23
Use the eval command to form the appropriate difference quotient.
evalH__x,x=h,y=0h = 0
evalH__y,x=0,h=kk = 0
evalH__x,x=0,y=kk = −1
evalH__y,x=h,y=0h = 1
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