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Equivalent Circuit Nickel-Metal Hydride

Equivalent-circuit model of a nickel-metal hydride battery

 

Description

Connections

Variables

Basic Parameters

Basic Thermal Parameters

General Parameters

References

Description

The EquivCircuit.NiMH component is an equivalent-circuit model of a nickel-metal hydride battery; see the following figure.

R0=expolyRout,soc

R1=expolyRtc1,soc

R2=expolyRtc2,soc

R1C1=expolyTtc1,soc

R2C2=expolyTtc2,soc

Thermal Effects

Select the thermal model of the battery from the heat model drop-down list.  The available models are: isothermal, external port, and convection.

Isothermal

The isothermal model sets the cell temperature to a constant parameter, Tiso.

External Port

The external port model adds a thermal port to the battery model. The temperature of the heat port is the cell temperature. The parameters mcell and cp become available and are used in the heat equation

mcellcpdTcelldt=PcellQcell

Qflow=ncellQcell

Pcell=icellTcelldUpdTdUndT+icellvcellvoc

where Pcell is the heat generated in each cell, including chemical reactions and ohmic resistive losses, Qcell is the heat flow out of each cell, and Qflow is the heat flow out of the external port.

Convection

The convection model assumes the heat dissipation from each cell is due to uniform convection from the surface to an ambient temperature. The parameters mcell, cp, Acell, h, and Tamb become available, as does an output signal port that gives the cell temperature in Kelvin. The heat equation is the same as the heat equation for the external port, with Qcell given by

Qcell=hAcellTcellTamb

Capacity

The capacity of a cell can either be a fixed value, CA, or be controlled via an input signal, Cin, if the use capacity input box is checked.

Resistance

The resistance of a cell can either be a fixed value, Rcell, or be controlled via an input signal, Rin, if the use resistance input box is checked. This resistance is in addition to the resistance of the equivalent circuit.

State of Charge

A signal output, soc, gives the state-of-charge of the battery, with 0 being fully discharged and 1 being fully charged.

The parameter SOCmin sets the minimum allowable state-of-charge; if the battery is discharged past this level, the simulation is either terminated and an error message is raised, or, if the allow overdischarge parameter is true,  a warning is generated. A similar effect occurs if the battery is fully charged so that the state of charge reaches one; the simulation is terminated unless allow overcharge is true.

The parameter SOC0 assigns the initial state-of charge of the battery.

Connections

Name

Type

Description

Modelica ID

p

Electrical

Positive pin

p

n

Electrical

Negative pin

n

soc

Real output

State of charge [0..1]

soc

Cin

Real input

Sets capacity of cell, in ampere hours; available when use capacity input is true

Cin

Rin

Real input

Sets resistance of cell, in ohms; available when use cell resistance input is true

Rin

Variables

Name

Units

Description

Modelica ID

Tcell

K

Internal temperature of battery

Tcell

i

A

Current into battery

i

v

V

Voltage across battery

v

Basic Parameters

Name

Default

Units

Description

Modelica ID

Ncell

1

 

Number of cells, connected in series

Ncell

CA

1

A·h

Capacity of cell; available when use capacity input is false

C

SOC0

1

 

Initial state-of-charge [0..1]

SOC0

SOCmin

0.02

 

Minimum allowable state-of-charge

SOCmin

Rcell

0.005

Ω

Fixed cell resistance, if use cell resistance input is false

Rcell

allow overcharge

false

 

True allows simulation to continue with 1<SoC

allow_overcharge

allow overdischarge

false

 

True allows simulation to continue with SoC<SoCmin

allow_overdischarge

use capacity input

false

 

True allows enables the Cin input port

useCapacityInput

use cell resistance input

false

 

True allows enables the Rin input port

useResistInput

Basic Thermal Parameters

Name

Default

Units

Description

Modelica ID

Tiso

298.15

K

Constant cell temperature; used with isothermal heat model

Tiso

cp

750

JkgK

Specific heat capacity of cell

cp

mcell

0.014

kg

Mass of one cell

mcell

h

100

Wm2K

Surface coefficient of heat transfer; used with convection heat model

h

Acell

0.0014

m2

Surface area of one cell; used with convection heat model

Acell

Tamb

298.15

K

Ambient temperature; used with convection heat model

Tamb

General Parameters

Name

Default

Units

Description

Modelica ID

dUkdT(p)

−0.155

VK

Temperature coefficient of potential of positive electrode

dUpdT

dUkdT(n)

−0.135

VK

Temperature coefficient of potential of negative electrode

dUpdT

Rout

 

Ω

expoly array for series resistance

Rout

Rtc1

 

Ω

expoly array for short time-constant resistance

Rtc1

Ttc1

 

s

expoly array for short time-constant duration

Ttc1

Rtc2

 

Ω

expoly array for long time-constant resistance

Rtc2

Ttc2

 

s

expoly array for long time-constant duration

Ttc2

An exponential-polynomial (expoly) is a polynomial with an exponential term included. Its coefficients are given by a one-dimensional array, k, such that &ExponentialE;xpolyk&comma;soc=k1&ExponentialE;xpk2soc+k3+k4soc+k5soc2+.

References

  

[1] Chen, M. and Rincón-Mora, G.A., Accurate electrical battery model capable of predicting runtime and I-V performance, IEEE Transactions of Energy Conversion, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2006.

See Also

Battery Library Overview

Equivalent Circuit Overview