Appendix
A-7: Trigonometry
Example A-7.4
For the equation 2 sin2x+3 cosx=3, find all solutions in the interval 0,2 π.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
Figure A-7.4(a), a graph of fx=2 sin2x+3 cosx−3, suggests that the given equation has four solutions in the interval 0,2 π, and that x=0 and x=2 π might well be two of these four solutions.
However, two different functions appear in the equation, and the trig identity sin2x=1−cos2x must be used to convert the equation to one quadratic in cosx.
The transformed equation is then 2 cos2x−3 cosx+1=0, which factors to 2⁢cos⁡x−1⁢cos⁡x−1=0.
By the Zero Principle, either or both factors must themselves be zero, so the following two equations must be solved.
2 cosx−1=0 and cosx−1=0
The solutions of the first are
x=arccos1/2= π/3≐1.047
and
x=5 π/3≐5.236
The solutions of the second are
x=0 and x=2 π
Figure A-7.4(a) Graph of 2 sin2x+3 cosx−3
The cosine function is positive in the first and fourth quadrants; Hence, the two solutions of the first equation.
Interactive Solution
Solution by Context Panel
Tools≻Load Package: Student Calculus 1
Loading Student:-Calculus1
Control-drag the equation and press the Enter key.
Context Panel: Student Calculus 1≻Solve≻Find Roots Enter bounds as per Figure A-7.4(b)
Context Panel: Approximate≻5 (digits)
Figure A-7.4(b) Bounds for roots
2 sin2x+3 cosx=3
2⁢sin⁡x2+3⁢cos⁡x=3
→roots
0,13⁢π,53⁢π,2⁢π
→at 5 digits
0.,1.0472,5.2361,6.2832
Solution from first principles
Expression palette: Evaluation template Evaluate equation with sin2x=1−cos2x. Press the Enter key.
Context Panel: Move to Right
Context Panel: Right-hand Side
Context Panel: Factor
x=a|f(x)sin2x=1−cos2x
2−2⁢cos⁡x2+3⁢cos⁡x=3
→move to right
0=1+2⁢cos⁡x2−3⁢cos⁡x
→right hand side
1+2⁢cos⁡x2−3⁢cos⁡x
= factor
2⁢cos⁡x−1⁢cos⁡x−1
Control-drag the first factor equate to zero. Press the Enter key.
2⁢cosx−1=0
2⁢cos⁡x−1=0
13⁢π,53⁢π
1.0472,5.2361
Control-drag the second factor; equate to zero. Press the Enter key.
cosx−1=0
cos⁡x−1=0
0,2⁢π
Coded Solution
Tools≻Load Package: Student Calculus 1 (Skip this step if package already loaded.)
Assign the equation to the name q__1.
q__1≔2 sin2x+3 cosx=3:
Apply the Roots command with the appropriate bound on x.
q__2≔Rootsq__1,x=0..2 π
Apply the evalf command with 5 as the optional digits parameter.
evalfq__2,5
Apply the simplify command, which has a preference for cosx over sinx.
Use the lhs and rhs commands to move all terms to the right.
q__3≔simplifyq__1
q__4≔rhsq__3−lhsq__3=0
1+2⁢cos⁡x2−3⁢cos⁡x=0
Apply the factor command to the equation.
q__5≔factorq__4
2⁢cos⁡x−1⁢cos⁡x−1=0
Use the lhs (left-hand side) command to select the left side of the factored equation.
q__6≔lhsq__5
Apply the Roots and evalf commands to each factor, extracting factors with the op command
q__7≔op1,q__6
2⁢cos⁡x−1
q__8≔Rootsq__7,x=0..2 π
evalfq__8,5
q__9≔op2,q__6
cos⁡x−1
Rootsq__9,x=0..2 π
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