HeunC
The Heun Confluent function
HeunCPrime
The derivative of the Heun Confluent function
Calling Sequence
Parameters
Description
Examples
References
HeunC(α, β, γ, δ, η, z)
HeunCPrime(α, β, γ, δ, η, z)
α
-
algebraic expression
β
γ
δ
η
z
The HeunC function is the solution of the Heun Confluent equation. Following the first reference (at the end), the equation and the conditions at the origin satisfied by HeunC are
FunctionAdvisor(definition, HeunC);
HeunCα,β,γ,δ,η,z=DESolⅆ2ⅆz2_Yz−−z2α+−β+α−γ−2z+β+1ⅆⅆz_Yzzz−1−−β−γ−2α−2δz+β+1α+−γ−1β−2η−γ_Yz2zz−1,_Yz,_Y0=1,D_Y0=−α+1+γβ+γ−α+2η2β+1
This Heun (singly) Confluent equation is obtained from the Heun General equation through a confluence process, that is, a process where two singularities coalesce, performed by redefining parameters and taking limits, resulting in a single (typically irregular) singularity. The Heun Confluent equation thus has two regular singularities and one irregular singularity, and includes as particular cases both the 2F1 and 1F1 hypergeometric equations. The solution to the 2F1 equation,
DEtools[hyperode]( hypergeom([a,b],[c],z), y(z) ) = 0;
yzab+a+b+1z−cⅆⅆzyz+z2−zⅆ2ⅆz2yz=0
can then be expressed in terms of HeunC functions
dsolve((2), [HeunC]);
yz=c__1z−1−aHeunC0,a−b,c−1,0,a+b−1c2−ab+12,−1z−1+c__2z−1−bHeunC0,−a+b,c−1,0,a+b−1c2−ab+12,−1z−1
and the same for the 1F1 hypergeometric confluent equation
DEtools[hyperode]( hypergeom([a],[c],z), y(z) ) = 0;
ayz+−c+zⅆⅆzyz−zⅆ2ⅆz2yz=0
dsolve((4), [HeunC]);
yz=c__1ⅇzHeunC1,c−1,−1,−a+c2,a−c2+12,z+c__2ⅇzz−c+1HeunC1,−c+1,−1,−a+c2,a−c2+12,z
HeunC, thus, contains as particular cases all the hypergeometric functions of the 2F1 and 1F1 classes - some of these specializations are listed at the end of the Examples section.
Two other important non-hypergeometric case of Heun's Confluent equation, are the "spheroidal wave function" equation
diff(y(z),z,z) + 2*(gamma+1)*z*diff(y(z),z)/(z^2-1) + (4*delta*z^2-c)/(z^2-1)*y(z) = 0;
ⅆ2ⅆz2yz+2γ+1zⅆⅆzyzz2−1+4δz2−cyzz2−1=0
obtained from Heun's Confluent equation taking α=0,β=−12,η=1−γ−c4 and changing z -> z2;
and the rational form of Mathieu's equation,
diff(y(z),z,z) + z/(z^2-1)*diff(y(z),z) + (2*delta*(2*z^2-1)-a)/(z^2-1)*y(z) = 0;
ⅆ2ⅆz2yz+zⅆⅆzyzz2−1+2δ2z2−1−ayzz2−1=0
obtained from the spheroidal wave function equation above by taking c=a+2δ and further specializing γ=−12.
The HeunC(α,β,γ,δ,η, z) function is a local (Frobenius) solution to Heun's Confluent equation, computed as a power series expansion around the origin, a regular singular point. The series converges for z<1, where the second regular singularity is located. An analytic continuation of HeunC is obtained through identities, relating the values of the function in different regions of the z plane, for given values of the other parameters, or by expanding the solution around 1, the other regular singularity, and overlapping the series. General formulas relating these series expansions at different singularities and for arbitrary values of the other parameters, however, are not known at present.
A special case happens when the parameters entering HeunC are such that the function is, simultaneously, a Frobenius solution around the two regular singularities and hence analytic in a domain containing both of them. In such a case the series expansion for HeunC truncates and the function becomes a polynomial. A necessary (not sufficient) condition for this case is that --------------Processing Xdot-------------, with n a positive integer, and η has one of a finite number of characteristic values, so that the function is a polynomial of degree n.
Heun's Confluent equation,
CHE≔diffyz,z,z=−z2α+−2−β−γ+αz+1+βzz−1diffyz,z+12−β−γ−2α−2δz+β+1α+−γ−1β−γ−2ηzz−1yz
CHE≔ⅆ2ⅆz2yz=−z2α+−2−β−γ+αz+1+βⅆⅆzyzzz−1+−β−γ−2α−2δz+β+1α+−γ−1β−γ−2ηyz2zz−1
can be transformed into another version of itself, that is, an equation with two regular singularities and one irregular singularity respectively located at 0,1,∞, through transformations of the form
yz=zμ−1β2z−1ν−1γ2expρ−1αz2uz
yz=zμ−1β2z−1ν−1γ2ⅇρ−1αz2uz
where λ2=1, μ2=1 and ν2=1. Under this transformation, the HeunC parameters transform according to α -> αλ, β -> βμ and γ -> γν. These transformations form a group of eight elements and imply on a number of identities, among which you have
FunctionAdvisoridentities,HeunC
HeunCα,β,γ,δ,η,z=1−z−γHeunCα,β,−γ,δ,η,z,β::¬ℤ∧z<1,HeunCα,β,γ,δ,η,z=ⅇ−zαHeunC−α,β,γ,δ,η,z,β::¬ℤ∧z<1
Changing z -> 1−t also results in a HeunC equation with the singularities located at 0,1,∞; this permits rewriting the solution to the CHE in different manners. For example, the general solution returned by default by dsolve is
dsolveCHE
yz=c__1HeunCα,β,γ,δ,η,z+c__2z−βHeunCα,−β,γ,δ,η,z
When β is an integer, however, these two "independent" solutions are not independent, yet a second pair of independent solutions can be constructed exploring this invariance in form under z -> 1−t
dsolveCHEassumingβ::integer
yz=c__1HeunC−α,γ,β,−δ,η+δ,1−z+c__2z−1−γHeunC−α,−γ,β,−δ,η+δ,1−z
For z different from 1, the 2F1 and the confluent 1F1 hypergeometric functions are related to HeunC by
FunctionAdvisorspecialize,hypergeom,HeunC
hypergeoma,b,c,z=HeunC0,c−1,b−a,0,a+b−1c2−ab+12,zz−11−zb,z≠1,hypergeoma,b,z=HeunC1,b−1,1,−b2+a,b2−a+12,−zz+1,z≠−1
When --------------Processing Xdot-------------, with n a positive integer, the nth + 1 coefficient in the series expansion is a polynomial in η of order n+1. If δ is a root of that polynomial, that coefficient is zero and with it all the following ones; the series then truncates and HeunC is a polynomial. For example, the necessary condition for a polynomial form is
HeunCα,β,γ,−αn+γ+2+β2,η,z
HeunCα,β,γ,−αn+γ2+β2+1,η,z
Considering the first non-trivial case, for n=1, the function is
HC≔subsn=1,
HC≔HeunCα,β,γ,−α2+γ2+β2,η,z
So the coefficient of z2 in the series expansion is
Q≔simplifyseriesHC,z,3,size
Q≔1+−α+1+γβ+γ−α+2η2β+2z+18α−γ−1α−γ−3β2+4α2+−4η−8γ−14α+4γ+η+12γ+2β+3α2+−8η−6γ−8α+4η+γ2η+3γ2+2β+1β+2z2+Oz3
c2≔coeffQ,z,2
c2≔α−γ−1α−γ−3β2+4α2+−4η−8γ−14α+4γ+η+12γ+2β+3α2+−8η−6γ−8α+4η+γ2η+3γ2+28β+1β+2
solving for η, requesting from solve to return using RootOf, you have
_EnvExplicit≔false
η=solvec2,η
η=RootOf4_Z2+−4αβ+4βγ−8α+8β+8γ+8_Z+α2β2−2γαβ2+γ2β2+4α2β−4αβ2−8γαβ+4γβ2+4γ2β+3α2−14αβ−6αγ+3β2+10βγ+3γ2−8α+4β+4γ
substituting in HC we have
HC_polynomial≔subs,HC
HC_polynomial≔HeunCα,β,γ,−α2+γ2+β2,RootOf4_Z2+−4αβ+4βγ−8α+8β+8γ+8_Z+α2β2−2γαβ2+γ2β2+4α2β−4αβ2−8γαβ+4γβ2+4γ2β+3α2−14αβ−6αγ+3β2+10βγ+3γ2−8α+4β+4γ,z
When the function admits a polynomial form, as is the case of HC_polynomial by construction, to obtain the actual polynomial of degree n (in this case n=1) use
eval,HeunC=HeunC:-SpecialValues:-Polynomial
1+−α+1+γβ+γ−α+2RootOf4_Z2+−4αβ+4βγ−8α+8β+8γ+8_Z+α2β2−2γαβ2+γ2β2+4α2β−4αβ2−8γαβ+4γβ2+4γ2β+3α2−14αβ−6αγ+3β2+10βγ+3γ2−8α+4β+4γz2β+2
Decarreau, A.; Dumont-Lepage, M.C.; Maroni, P.; Robert, A.; and Ronveaux, A. "Formes Canoniques de Equations confluentes de l'equation de Heun." Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles. Vol. 92 I-II, (1978): 53-78.
Ronveaux, A. ed. Heun's Differential Equations. Oxford University Press, 1995.
Slavyanov, S.Y., and Lay, W. Special Functions, A Unified Theory Based on Singularities. Oxford Mathematical Monographs, 2000.
See Also
FunctionAdvisor
Heun
HeunB
HeunD
HeunG
HeunT
hypergeom
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