Calculus1 Single Step Problems - Maple Help
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Calculus1 Single Stepping

The Calculus1 subpackage of the Student package includes commands that single-step through the basic problems of single-variable calculus, namely limit, differentiation, and integration problems.  This worksheet demonstrates the basics of this functionality.

 

For further information about any command in the Calculus1 package, see the corresponding help page.  For a general overview, see Calculus1.

Getting Started

While any command in the package can be referred to using the long form, for example, Student[Calculus1][Rule], it is easier, and often clearer, to load the package, and then use the short form command names.

restart

withStudentCalculus1:

Several commands in the Calculus1 package provide helpful information through the Maple userinfo facility.  To see these information messages, set the corresponding infolevel table entry, using Student or Student[Calculus1] as the index.

infolevelStudentCalculus11:

The single stepping functionality consists of sets of rules for each basic operation, limit, differentiation, and integration.  Rules are applied by calling the package command Rule, providing the name of a rule and a problem to which that rule is applied.  Problems are represented using the inert forms  Limit, Diff, and Int.

limx→3x2

limx3x2

(1.1)

Rulepower

Creating problem #1

limx3x2=limx3x2

(1.2)

Notice that the rule is specified as the index to the Rule command, while the problem is given as the argument.

 

The output from a call to Rule is normally an equation in which the left-hand side is the original problem and the right-hand side is the current state of that problem.  This output can be passed to another application of the Rule command.

Ruleidentity

limx3x2=9

(1.3)

To see the steps from the initial state of a problem to its current state, use the ShowSteps command.

ShowSteps

limx3x2=limx3x2power=9identity

(1.4)

A differentiation example.

Ruleproductⅆⅆxx2sinx

Creating problem #2

ⅆⅆxx2sinx=ⅆⅆxx2sinx+x2ⅆⅆxsinx

(1.5)

The more common rules have short form equivalents: difference = `-`, product = `*`, power = `^`, quotient = `/`, constantmultiple = `c*`.  For completeness, there is also sum = `+`, though both are 3 characters long.

Rule`^`

ⅆⅆxx2sinx=2xsinx+x2ⅆⅆxsinx

(1.6)

The name of any univariate function can be given as a rule.

Rulesin

ⅆⅆxx2sinx=2xsinx+x2cosx

(1.7)

The Calculus1 package maintains a record of each problem you have worked on in a session.  You can switch between problems using the GetProblem command.

GetProblem1

limx3x2=9

(1.8)

You can display the state of any problem, or of all problems, using the Show command.

Show2

ⅆⅆxx2sinx=2xsinx+x2cosx

(1.9)

Showall

Problem 1:

limx3x2=9


Problem 2:

ⅆⅆxx2sinx=2xsinx+x2cosx


Asking for a Hint

If you are uncertain about which rule to apply next to a problem, ask for a hint.

ⅆⅆxsinx2

ⅆⅆxsinx2

(2.1)

Hint

Creating problem #3

chain

(2.2)

The output from the Hint command can always be used as the index to the Rule command.

Rule

ⅆⅆxsinx2=ⅆⅆ_X0sin_X0_X0=x2|ⅆⅆ_X0sin_X0_X0=x2ⅆⅆxx2

(2.3)

∫xcosxⅆx

xcosxⅆx

(2.4)

Hint

Creating problem #4

parts,x,sinx,1,cosx,x

(2.5)

Rule

xcosxⅆx=xsinxsinxⅆx

(2.6)

limx→0+xx

limx0+xx

(2.7)

Hint

Creating problem #5

Rewrite the expression as an exponential to prepare for using l'Hôpital's rule

rewrite,xx=ⅇxlnx

(2.8)

Rule

limx0+xx=limx0+ⅇxlnx

(2.9)

Ruleexp

limx0+xx=ⅇlimx0+xlnx

(2.10)

Hint

lhopital,lnx,lhopital,x

(2.11)

Rule

limx0+xx=ⅇlimx0+x

(2.12)

Rule`c*`

limx0+xx=ⅇlimx0+x

(2.13)

Ruleidentity

limx0+xx=1

(2.14)

Learning with You

As you develop expertise with the elementary rules of single-variable calculus, you can automatically apply those rules so that you can concentrate on learning new material.  You do this with the Understand command.  The first argument to Understand is the name of the operation; the remaining arguments are the rules to apply automatically to a problem using that operation.

UnderstandDiff,constant,c*,`+`

Diff=constant,constantmultiple,sum

(3.1)

After the product rule is applied, the system applies each applicable understood rule.

Rule`*`ⅆⅆxx2cosx2lnx

Creating problem #6

ⅆⅆxx2cosx2lnx=ⅆⅆxx2cosx2lnx+x2ⅆⅆxcosx2ⅆⅆxlnx

(3.2)

To apply all applicable understood rules, use an empty index on the Rule command.

Ruleⅆⅆx3x+ⅇx

Creating problem #7

ⅆⅆx3x+ⅇx=3ⅆⅆxx+ⅆⅆxⅇx

(3.3)

A More Complicated Example

Consider this integration problem.

∫abw13w12+1ⅆw

abw13w+1ⅆw

(4.1)

Hint

Creating problem #8

change,w=u6,u

(4.2)

When Maple applies this change of variables, the end points of the definite integration must be addressed.  In this case, the new end points are a^(1/6) and b^(1/6).  Because this involves the introduction of radicals, the end points remain in the original variable.

Rule

Applying substitution w = u^6, u = w^(1/6) with dw = 6*u^5*du, du = 1/6/w^(5/6)*dw

abw13w+1ⅆw=w=aw=b6u46u+6uu3+1ⅆu

(4.3)

Understandint,constant,c*,`+`

Int=constant,constantmultiple,sum

(4.4)

Rule

abw13w+1ⅆw=6w=aw=bu4ⅆu6w=aw=buⅆu+6w=aw=buu3+1ⅆu

(4.5)

RuleHint

abw13w+1ⅆw=6u55w=a..b|u55w=a..b6w=aw=buⅆu+6w=aw=buu3+1ⅆu

(4.6)

RuleHint

abw13w+1ⅆw=6u55w=a..b|u55w=a..b6u22w=a..b|u22w=a..b+6w=aw=buu3+1ⅆu

(4.7)

Hint

partialfractions

(4.8)

Rule

abw13w+1ⅆw=6u55w=a..b|u55w=a..b6u22w=a..b|u22w=a..b+2w=aw=bu+1u2u+1ⅆu2w=aw=b1u+1ⅆu

(4.9)

At this point, there are two integration subproblems.  The system maintains each of these subproblems separately, and assigns each a label.  To work on a specific subproblem, for example, the more complicated one, obtain its label using the ShowIncomplete command, and then use that label in a call to Rule or Hint.

ShowIncomplete

Int23=w=aw=bu+1u2u+1ⅆu

Int24=w=aw=b1u+1ⅆu

(4.10)

(Because this worksheet must execute correctly independent of the labels, it uses a programmatic approach to obtain the label corresponding to the more complicated subproblem.)

L:=ShowIncompletedata&colon;lbl:=iflengthL2<lengthL1&comma;L1&comma;1&comma;L2&comma;1

lblInt23

(4.11)

If the hint is complicated, a message providing additional information may be provided.  As mentioned above, to see these messages you must assign a number (at least 1) to infolevel[Calculus1] or infolevel[Student].

Hintlbl

Rewrite the numerator in a form which contains the derivative of the denominator

rewrite&comma;u+1u2u+1=2u12u2u+1+32u2u+1

(4.12)

Warning: These subproblem labels are maintained internally by the Calculus1 package and can change between applications of the Rule command. Therefore, before referencing a subproblem by a label, use the ShowIncomplete command to verify that the label is correct.

Rulelbl

w=aw=bu+1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u=w=aw=b2u1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u2+3w=aw=b1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u2

(4.13)

Hint

Note that the derivative of u^2-u+1 is 2*u-1, so we can make a change of variable.

change&comma;v=u2u+1&comma;v

(4.14)

Rule

Applying substitution u = 1/2+1/2*(-3+4*v)^(1/2), v = u^2-u+1 with du = 1/(-3+4*v)^(1/2)*dv, dv = (2*u-1)*du

w=aw=bu+1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u=w=aw=b1v&DifferentialD;v2+3w=aw=b1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u2

(4.15)

RuleHint

w=aw=bu+1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u=lnvw=a..b|lnvw=a..b2+3w=aw=b1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u2

(4.16)

Since the variable u1 does not appear in any incomplete subproblems, revert the corresponding substitution.

Hint

revert

(4.17)

Rule

Reverting substitution using v = u^2-u+1

w=aw=bu+1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u=lnu2u+1w=a..b|lnu2u+1w=a..b2+3w=aw=b1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u2

(4.18)

Hint

Complete the square and make a change of variable.

change&comma;v=u12&comma;v

(4.19)

Rule

Applying substitution u = 1/2+v with du=dv

w=aw=bu+1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u=lnu2u+1w=a..b|lnu2u+1w=a..b2+6w=aw=b14v2+3&DifferentialD;v

(4.20)

RuleHint

Integrals involving expressions of the form (x^2+a^2)^n or sqrt(x^2+a^2)^n can often be simplified using the substitution x = a*tan(u).
Applying substitution v = 1/2*3^(1/2)*tan(z), z = arctan(2/3*v*3^(1/2)) with dv = 1/2*3^(1/2)*(1+tan(z)^2)*dz, dz = 2/3*3^(1/2)/(4/3*v^2+1)*dv

w=aw=bu+1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u=lnu2u+1w=a..b|lnu2u+1w=a..b2+63z6w=a..b|3z6w=a..b

(4.21)

Rulerevert

Reverting substitution using z = arctan(2/3*v*3^(1/2))

w=aw=bu+1u2u+1&DifferentialD;u=lnu2u+1w=a..b|lnu2u+1w=a..b2+63arctan2v336w=a..b|3arctan2v336w=a..b

(4.22)

After Maple reverts this last u1 substitution, this subproblem is done.  The system then substitutes the result of the subproblem into the larger problem.

Rulerevert

Reverting substitution using v = u-1/2

w=aw=bu+13u2u+113u+1&DifferentialD;u=lnu2u+1w=a..b|lnu2u+1w=a..b6+23arctan2u12336w=a..b|3arctan2u12336w=a..bw=aw=b1u+1&DifferentialD;u3

(4.23)

Rulechange&comma;u1&equals;u&plus;1

Applying substitution u = -1+u1 with du=du1

w=aw=bu+13u2u+113u+1&DifferentialD;u=lnu2u+1w=a..b|lnu2u+1w=a..b6+23arctan2u12336w=a..b|3arctan2u12336w=a..bw=aw=b1u1&DifferentialD;u13

(4.24)

Rule`^`

w=aw=bu+13u2u+113u+1&DifferentialD;u=lnu2u+1w=a..b|lnu2u+1w=a..b6+23arctan2u12336w=a..b|3arctan2u12336w=a..blnu1w=a..b|lnu1w=a..b3

(4.25)

Rulerevert

Reverting substitution using u1 = u+1

abw13w+1&DifferentialD;w=6u55w=a..b|u55w=a..b6u22w=a..b|u22w=a..b+lnu2u+1w=a..b|lnu2u+1w=a..b+123arctan2u12336w=a..b|3arctan2u12336w=a..b2lnu+1w=a..b|lnu+1w=a..b

(4.26)

Finally, revert the original substitution. The problem is done.

Rulerevert

Reverting substitution using u = w^(1/6)

abw13w+1&DifferentialD;w=6b5656a5653b13+3a13+lnb13b16+1lna13a16+1+23arctan32b161323arctan32a16132lnb16+1+2lna16+1

(4.27)

Experimenting

Integration problems, in particular, can be quite difficult, and learning by experimentation is a valuable technique.  To facilitate this, the Calculus1 package includes an Undo command, which can be used to reverse to a previous state of a problem.

&int;1x2&DifferentialD;x

x2+1&DifferentialD;x

(5.1)

Rulechange&comma;x&equals;tanu

Creating problem #9

Applying substitution x = tan(u), u = arctan(x) with dx = (1+tan(u)^2)*du, du = 1/(x^2+1)*dx

x2+1&DifferentialD;x=tanu2+1tanu2&DifferentialD;u+tanu2+1&DifferentialD;u

(5.2)

Undo

x2+1&DifferentialD;x

(5.3)

Rulechange&comma;x&equals;sinu

Applying substitution x = sin(u), u = arcsin(x) with dx = cos(u)*du, du = 1/(-x^2+1)^(1/2)*dx

x2+1&DifferentialD;x=usinu2&DifferentialD;u

(5.4)

Tutors

These tutors provide the same functionality as single stepping through a single problem in a worksheet, in a graphical environment

DiffTutor

&DifferentialD;&DifferentialD;xxsinx

&DifferentialD;&DifferentialD;xxsinx

(6.1)

IntTutor

sinx2&DifferentialD;x

sinx2&DifferentialD;x

(6.2)

LimitTutor

limx0xcosxlnx

limx0xcosxlnx

(6.3)

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