The opts arguments are optional arguments of the form option = value, where option is one of the names listed below. These arguments correspond to keyword parameters; the left side of an equation is the keyword and the right side is the value. Each keyword parameter has a default value that is assigned if the parameter is not passed.

The following paragraphs describe each of the keyword parameters. The first line of each paragraph specifies the format of the argument: the left side is the keyword and the right side specifies the type of the value. If the type is truefalse, then passing just the keyword is equivalent to passing keyword = $\mathrm{true}$.

discrete = truefalse

Specifies whether the system is discrete (true) or continuous (false). The default value is assigned by DynamicSystems[SystemOptions].

conjugate = truefalse

If true and the z and p (and k) parameters are used, then the conjugate of any complex zero or pole is added to the respective list. For example, if conjugate = true then $z=\left[1\,1+\mathrm{I}\right]$ is equivalent to $z=\left[1\,1+\mathrm{I}\,1-\mathrm{I}\right]$. The default value is assigned by DynamicSystems[SystemOptions].

sampletime = realcons

The sampling time of the system. The default value is assigned by DynamicSystems[SystemOptions].

systemname = string

The name of the system. The default is the empty string.

inputvariable = list of name or function(name)

The names of the inputs to the system. A name, say u, is converted to a function u(t), where t is the independent variable of the system, See DynamicSystems/SystemObject. The default value is assigned by DynamicSystems[SystemOptions].

outputvariable = list of name or function(name)

The names of the outputs of the system. A name, say y, is converted to a function y(t), where t is the independent variable of the system, see DynamicSystems[SystemObject]. The default value is assigned by DynamicSystems[SystemOptions].

statevariable = list of name or function(name)

The names of the states of the system. A name, say x, is converted to a function x(t), where t is the independent variable of the system, see DynamicSystems[SystemObject]. The default value is assigned by DynamicSystems[SystemOptions].

parameters = list or set of name=complexcons

Specifies values for symbolic parameters. These are used in operations that require numeric evaluation, such as plotting.

form = ControlCanon, ObserveCanon, or Minimal

Specify the form of the state-space matrices. This option is not available when the input is a state-space system or differential equations. The default is ControlCanon.

The StateSpace command creates a state-space (SS) system object. The time-domain behavior of the object is modeled by four state-space Matrices, A, B, C, and D, that describe the input, output, and state equations.

The input can be specified as one of several representations: transfer function (TF), zero-pole-gain (ZPK), coefficients (Coeff), state-space (SS), or diff-equations (DE).

If no input is provided, a unity-gain SS system is created.

The optional parameter sys is a system object; it is converted to the SS representation. All options are ignored.

The optional parameter tf is the transfer function of a TF system. For a single-input/single-output system, tf is a rational function (ratpoly). For a multi-input/multi-output system, tf is a Matrix of rational functions. The indeterminate of the polynomials depends on whether the system is continuous or discrete; a continuous system typically uses s while a discrete system typically uses z as the indeterminate. The actual names are assigned by DynamicSystems[SystemOptions].

The optional parameters z, p, and k are the zeros, poles, and gain, respectively, of a ZPK system. For a single-input/single-output system, z and p are lists and k is an algebraic expression. For a multi-input/multi-output system, z and p are Matrices of lists and k is a Matrix of algebraic expressions.

The optional parameters num and den are the coefficients of the numerator and denominator, respectively, of a Coeff system. For a single-input/single-output system, num and den are lists, the first element being the coefficient of the highest order term. For a multi-input/multi-output system, num and den are Matrices of lists.

The optional parameters a, b, c, and d are the four state-space matrices, A, B, C, and D, respectively, of an SS system.

The optional parameter de is the difference/differential equation(s) of a DE system. A list is used to specify more than one equation.

The parameters invars and outvars specify the input and output variables of difference/differential equations. They are not required, but if either is not specified then the corresponding keyword parameter inputvariable or outputvariable must be assigned. If both positional and keyword parameters are specified, the keyword parameter take precedence.

$\mathrm{with}\left(\mathrm{DynamicSystems}\right)\:$

$\mathrm{sys1}≔\mathrm{StateSpace}\left(\right)$

$\mathrm{sys1}≔\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathbf{State\; Space}\\ \mathrm{continuous}\\ \mathrm{1\; output(s);\; 1\; input(s);\; 0\; state(s)}\\ \mathrm{inputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{u1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{outputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{y1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{statevariable}\=\left[\right]\end{array}\right.$

$\mathrm{PrintSystem}\left(\mathrm{sys1}\right)$

$\left[\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{State\; Space}\\ \mathrm{continuous}\\ \mathrm{1\; output(s);\; 1\; input(s);\; 0\; state(s)}\\ \mathrm{inputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{u1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{outputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{y1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{statevariable}\=\left[\right]\\ \mathrm{a}\=\left[\begin{array}{}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{b}\=\left[\begin{array}{}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{c}\=\left[\begin{array}{}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{d}\=\left[\begin{array}{c}1\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right.$

$\mathrm{sys2}≔\mathrm{StateSpace}\left(\frac{s}{s^3+5s^2+7s+6}\right)\:$

$\mathrm{PrintSystem}\left(\mathrm{sys2}\right)$

$\left[\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{State\; Space}\\ \mathrm{continuous}\\ \mathrm{1\; output(s);\; 1\; input(s);\; 3\; state(s)}\\ \mathrm{inputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{u1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{outputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{y1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{statevariable}\=\left[\mathrm{x1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x2}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x3}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{a}\=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\\ \mathrm{-6}& \mathrm{-7}& \mathrm{-5}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{b}\=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{c}\=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{d}\=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right.$

$\mathrm{sys3}≔\mathrm{StateSpace}\left(\left[1\,2\right]\,\left[1\,2\,3\right]\right)\:$

$\mathrm{PrintSystem}\left(\mathrm{sys3}\right)$

$\left[\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{State\; Space}\\ \mathrm{continuous}\\ \mathrm{1\; output(s);\; 1\; input(s);\; 2\; state(s)}\\ \mathrm{inputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{u1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{outputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{y1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{statevariable}\=\left[\mathrm{x1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x2}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{a}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ \mathrm{-3}& \mathrm{-2}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{b}\=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{c}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}2& 1\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{d}\=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right.$

$\mathrm{sys4}≔\mathrm{StateSpace}\left(\left[\right]\,\left[-5+1\mathrm{I}\,-5-1\mathrm{I}\right]\,1\right)\:$

$\mathrm{PrintSystem}\left(\mathrm{sys4}\right)$

$\left[\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{State\; Space}\\ \mathrm{continuous}\\ \mathrm{1\; output(s);\; 1\; input(s);\; 2\; state(s)}\\ \mathrm{inputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{u1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{outputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{y1}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{statevariable}\=\left[\mathrm{x1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x2}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{a}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ \mathrm{-26}& \mathrm{-10}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{b}\=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{c}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{d}\=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right.$

$\mathrm{ss\_a}≔\mathrm{Matrix}\left(\left[\left[1\,2\right]\,\left[0\,4\right]\right]\right)$

$\mathrm{ss\_a}≔\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 0& 4\end{array}\right]$

$\mathrm{ss\_b}≔\mathrm{Matrix}\left(\left[\left[3\,7\right]\,\left[9\,6\right]\right]\right)$

$\mathrm{ss\_b}≔\left[\begin{array}{cc}3& 7\\ 9& 6\end{array}\right]$

$\mathrm{ss\_c}≔\mathrm{Matrix}\left(\left[\left[5\,6\right]\,\left[5\,2\right]\right]\right)$

$\mathrm{ss\_c}≔\left[\begin{array}{cc}5& 6\\ 5& 2\end{array}\right]$

$\mathrm{ss\_d}≔\mathrm{Matrix}\left(\left[\left[0\,0\right]\,\left[0\,0\right]\right]\right)$

$\mathrm{ss\_d}≔\left[\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right]$

$\mathrm{sys5}≔\mathrm{StateSpace}\left(\mathrm{ss\_a}\,\mathrm{ss\_b}\,\mathrm{ss\_c}\,\mathrm{ss\_d}\,\mathrm{discrete}\,\mathrm{sampletime}=0.001\,\mathrm{systemname}=''Example\; discrete\; MIMO\; system''\right)\:$

$\mathrm{PrintSystem}\left(\mathrm{sys5}\right)$

$\left[\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{State\; Space}\\ \mathrm{discrete;\; sampletime\; =\; .1e-2}\\ \mathrm{systemname}\=\mathrm{Example\; discrete\; MIMO\; system}\\ \mathrm{2\; output(s);\; 2\; input(s);\; 2\; state(s)}\\ \mathrm{inputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{u1}\left(q\right)\,\mathrm{u2}\left(q\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{outputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{y1}\left(q\right)\,\mathrm{y2}\left(q\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{statevariable}\=\left[\mathrm{x1}\left(q\right)\,\mathrm{x2}\left(q\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{a}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 0& 4\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{b}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}3& 7\\ 9& 6\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{c}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}5& 6\\ 5& 2\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{d}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right.$

$\mathrm{sys6}≔\mathrm{StateSpace}\left('\mathrm{usesymbols}'\,'\mathrm{numinputs}'=2\,'\mathrm{numoutputs}'=3\,'\mathrm{numstates}'=4\right)$

$\mathrm{sys6}≔\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathbf{State\; Space}\\ \mathrm{continuous}\\ \mathrm{3\; output(s);\; 2\; input(s);\; 4\; state(s)}\\ \mathrm{inputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{u1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{u2}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{outputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{y1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{y2}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{y3}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{statevariable}\=\left[\mathrm{x1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x2}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x3}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x4}\left(t\right)\right]\end{array}\right.$

$\mathrm{PrintSystem}\left(\mathrm{sys6}\right)$

$\left[\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{State\; Space}\\ \mathrm{continuous}\\ \mathrm{3\; output(s);\; 2\; input(s);\; 4\; state(s)}\\ \mathrm{inputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{u1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{u2}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{outputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{y1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{y2}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{y3}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{statevariable}\=\left[\mathrm{x1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x2}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x3}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x4}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{a}\=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{a}_{1,1}& a_{1,2}& a_{1,3}& a_{1,4}\\ a_{2,1}& a_{2,2}& a_{2,3}& a_{2,4}\\ a_{3,1}& a_{3,2}& a_{3,3}& a_{3,4}\\ a_{4,1}& a_{4,2}& a_{4,3}& a_{4,4}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{b}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{b}_{1,1}& b_{1,2}\\ b_{2,1}& b_{2,2}\\ b_{3,1}& b_{3,2}\\ b_{4,1}& b_{4,2}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{c}\=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{c}_{1,1}& c_{1,2}& c_{1,3}& c_{1,4}\\ c_{2,1}& c_{2,2}& c_{2,3}& c_{2,4}\\ c_{3,1}& c_{3,2}& c_{3,3}& c_{3,4}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{d}\=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{d}_{1,1}& d_{1,2}\\ d_{2,1}& d_{2,2}\\ d_{3,1}& d_{3,2}\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right.$

$\mathrm{sys7}≔\mathrm{StateSpace}\left('\mathrm{randomtest}'\,'\mathrm{numstates}'=6\,'\mathrm{numinputs}'=3\,'\mathrm{numoutputs}'=2\,'\mathrm{genbound}'=5\right)\:$

$\mathrm{PrintSystem}\left(\mathrm{sys7}\right)$

$\left[\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{State\; Space}\\ \mathrm{continuous}\\ \mathrm{2\; output(s);\; 3\; input(s);\; 6\; state(s)}\\ \mathrm{inputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{u1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{u2}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{u3}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{outputvariable}\=\left[\mathrm{y1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{y2}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{statevariable}\=\left[\mathrm{x1}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x2}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x3}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x4}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x5}\left(t\right)\,\mathrm{x6}\left(t\right)\right]\\ \mathrm{a}\=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}\mathrm{-12}& 1& 1& \mathrm{-4}& \mathrm{-4}& 0\\ 5& \mathrm{-7}& 0& \mathrm{-5}& \mathrm{-3}& \mathrm{-1}\\ \mathrm{-4}& 0& \mathrm{-14}& \mathrm{-2}& \mathrm{-1}& 2\\ \mathrm{-3}& \mathrm{-4}& 1& \mathrm{-8}& \mathrm{-2}& 3\\ \mathrm{-5}& \mathrm{-2}& 0& 3& \mathrm{-11}& \mathrm{-2}\\ 1& \mathrm{-1}& \mathrm{-5}& \mathrm{-2}& 4& \mathrm{-13}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{b}\=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}3& \mathrm{-5}& 5\\ 1& 1& \mathrm{-1}\\ \mathrm{-2}& 5& \mathrm{-3}\\ 2& \mathrm{-3}& 2\\ \mathrm{-5}& 3& \mathrm{-3}\\ \mathrm{-2}& \mathrm{-2}& 5\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{c}\=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}1& \mathrm{-1}& 5& \mathrm{-2}& \mathrm{-4}& 3\\ \mathrm{-5}& 4& \mathrm{-3}& \mathrm{-1}& \mathrm{-3}& \mathrm{-5}\end{array}\right]\\ \mathrm{d}\=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{-3}& 4& 0\\ 5& \mathrm{-4}& 2\end{array}\right]\end{array}\right.$

$\mathrm{eigs}≔\mathrm{evalf}\left(\mathrm{LinearAlgebra}:-\mathrm{Eigenvalues}\left(\mathrm{sys7}:-a\right)\right)$

$\mathrm{eigs}≔\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{-13.16245939}+5.027249293\mathrm{I}\\ \mathrm{-11.28053239}+2.099451111\mathrm{I}\\ \mathrm{-0.07172170047}\\ \mathrm{-16.04229473}\\ \mathrm{-11.28053239}-2.099451111\mathrm{I}\\ \mathrm{-13.16245939}-5.027249293\mathrm{I}\end{array}\right]$

$\mathrm{sys8}≔\mathrm{StateSpace}\left('\mathrm{randomtest}'\,'\mathrm{numstates}'=2\,'\mathrm{numinputs}'=1\,'\mathrm{numoutputs}'=1\,'\mathrm{genbound}'=5.0\right)\:$

$\mathrm{PrintSystem}\left(\mathrm{sys8}\right)$

$\mathrm{eigs}≔\mathrm{LinearAlgebra}:-\mathrm{Eigenvalues}\left(\mathrm{sys8}:-a\right)$

$\mathrm{eigs}≔\left[\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{-6.64809571040089}+0.\mathrm{I}\\ \mathrm{-0.0340992302854792}+0.\mathrm{I}\end{array}\right]$

The DynamicSystems[StateSpace] command was updated in Maple 18.

The parameters, usesymbols, numinputs, numoutputs, numstates, symbols, randomtest and genbound options were introduced in Maple 18.

For more information on Maple 18 changes, see Updates in Maple 18.